AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONS Flashcards
Agriculturalists
A group of people who stayed in one area together growing crops and having domesticated animals.
The Agricultural Revolution allowed people to stay in one place because of the sedentary agriculturalists that practiced the first farming.
pastoralists(скотоводы)
A group of people who moved from place to place relying on domesticated animals for food.
They were the first people to practice animal husbandry and the herding of animals.
hunter-gatherers
Small groups of people who found food to survive.
They helped globalize the world because they moved around so much.
Civilizations
A group of organized people who live in a community often sharing the same culture.
They lead to sedentary living increasing the population and becoming a place where discoveries were made.
paleolithic
the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used.
neolithic
the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.
Balanced and generalized reciprocity
Сбалансированная и обобщенная взаимность
There are three types of reciprocity: generalized, balanced, and negative. Generalized reciprocity refers to an exchange that incurs no calculation of value or immediate repayment of the goods or services.
Balanced reciprocity involves calculation of value and repayment of the goods or services within a specified time frame.
ziggurats
These stepped towers we call ziggurats. By 2000 B.C. mud-brick ziggurats were being constructed in many Sumerian cities. Later, ziggurats were constructed in Babylonian and Assyrian cities
Patrilineal and matrilineal descent
Patrilineal, or agnatic, relatives are identified by tracing descent exclusively through males from a founding male ancestor.
Matrilineal, or uterine, relatives are identified by tracing descent exclusively through females from a founding female ancestor.
patriarchy and matriarchy
p: a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it.
m: a system of society or government ruled by a woman or women
polyandry and polygamy
polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband.
polygamy: having more than one wife
gender
either of the two sexes (male and female), especially when considered with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones
Animism
the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.
the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe.
Cuneiform script and the birth of language
The cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. Created by the Sumerians in the late 4th millennium BC, cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs.
Natufian society
Preagricultural culture;
located in present-day Israel, Jordan;
practiced the collection of naturally present barley and wheat to supplement game;
(Предсельскохозяйственная культура;
расположен в современном Израиле, Иордании;
практиковал сбор натурального ячменя и пшеницы в дополнение к дичи;)
