Chap 6 Learning

Question 1

What do we mean by learning?

Answer 1

Learning is the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Question 2

What is classical conditioning ?

Answer 2

Learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction.

Question 3

Operant conditioning?

Answer 3

Changing behavior choices in response to consequences

Question 4

Cognitive learning?

Answer 4

Acquiring new behaviors and information through observation and information, rather than by direct experience

Question 5

Difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning%

Answer 5

CC.: involves respondent behavior reflexive, automatic reactions such as fear or craving.
OC.: Involves operante behavior, chosen behavior which “operate” on the environment

Question 6

Name the contrast in the process of conditioning?

Answer 6

CC.: The experimental (neutral) stimulus repeatedly precedes the respondent behavior, and eventually triggers that behavior.
OC.: The experimental (consequence) stimulus repeatedly follows the operant behavior, and eventually punishes or reinforces that behavior.

Question 7

How does cognitive learning occurs?

Answer 7

By observing events and the behavior of others and by using language to acquire information about events experienced by others.

Question 8

Name real life examples of classical conditioning?

Answer 8

Advertising, taste aversion, fears and phobias, former drug users, business negotiations, politics

Question 9

Describe what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 9

Stimulus is added or increased which increases the response

Question 10

Describe what is negative reinforcement?

Answer 10

Stimulus is removed or decreased which increases the response

Question 11

Describe what is positive punishment?

Answer 11

Stimulus is added or increased which decreases the response

Question 12

Describe what is negative punishment

Answer 12

Stimulus is removed or decreased.

Question 13

Explain what is a fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ration, variable ratio:

Answer 13

fixed interval: every so often
variable interval: unpredictably often
fixed ratio: every so many behaviors
variable ratio: after an unpredictable number of behaviors

Question 14

What is the lesson to teach desired behavior?

Answer 14

Reinforce what’s right more often than punishing what’s wrong.

Question 15

Name four intrinsic motivation

Answer 15

sense of achievement, curiosity, interest, pride

Question 16

Name five extrinsic motivation

Answer 16

money, grades, career, praise, exams

Question 17

Social learning theory (observational learning)?

Answer 17

1. Learning a new response after watching a model suffer a negative consequence.
2. Choosing whether or not to imitate the model depending on what happened to the model.
3. Learning a general rule that can apply to other situations.

Question 18

What are the four steps in the modeling process

Answer 18

Attention, retention, reproduction and motivation.