Chap. 6 Botany

Question 1

What are the four parts of Cellular Respiration

Answer 1

1. gl

Question 2

Glycolysis

Answer 2

A. start w/ 1 glucose –> end w/2 pyruvates.
B. anaerobic process (found in all cells)
C. takes place in the cytosol (cellular fluid)
D. specific enzymes catalyze each step.
E. divided into two parts (5 steps each).
1. energy-investment phase
2.energy-payoff phase

Question 3

Energy Investment Phase( the first part of write on page)

Answer 3

1. ATP changed to ADP now have glucose 6-phosphate.
2. glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate.
3. ATP changed to ADP now have Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
4. Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate cut in half to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
5. dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate now you have 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Question 4

Pay off Phase ( the first part of your write on page)

Answer 4

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate x2 
6. (2NAD+ to 2 NADH)
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate x2
7. (2ADP to 2 ATP)
 3-phosphoglycerate x2
8. change 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate x2
9. take out 2 H2O
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) x2
10. (2 ADP to 2 ATP)
Pyruvate x2

Question 5

Pyruvate Oxidation

Answer 5

you take electrons off of pyruvate

• the beginning of aerobic respiration (oxygen required)
• happens in the mitochondria

Question 6

Cellular Respiration

Answer 6

• all living organisms do it

- creates ATP or energy

Question 7

Krebs Cycle

Answer 7

aerobic respiration

one complete cycle makes: 1 ATP, 3NADH, 1 FADH2

Question 8

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 8

needs oxygen

Question 9

Process of Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle (page two of test write in it is blank a word here or there and spelling counts)

Answer 9

Step 1-oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA=citrate
Step 2-isocitrate
Step 3- a(aphla)-ketoglutarate (NADH & CO2)
Step 4-succinyl CoA
Step 5-succinate (ATP)
Step 6-fumarate (FADH2)
Step 7-malate
Step 8-oxaloacetate (NADH)

Question 10

Chemiosmois

Answer 10

• part of aerobic respiration
• ⭐️where: the matrix, inner membrane, inter membrane space
• electron transport chain

Question 11

Electron transport Chain

Answer 11

• a series of electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (ETC) (proton pumps)
• NADH &FADH2 pass electrons to ETC
• the e- carriers alternate between being reduced and oxidized as they pass electrons.
• energy from the electrons is used to moe protons across the membrane form the matrix into the inter membrane space.

Question 12

Proton Pump

Answer 12

or Hydrogen pump

ex. H+ or 1p

Question 13

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 13

1. H+ increases in the IMS & decreases in the matrix.
2. creates a concentration gradient
3. H+ ions flow back into the matrix via ATP synthase (a protein channel)
4. this flow allows ATP synthase to make ATP (i.e., ADP+Pi–>ATP).
5. the e- from 1 NADH will make 3 ATPs.
6. the e- from 1 FADH2 will make 2 ATPs.

Question 14

Channel Protein

Answer 14

it is a pipe made out of protein that is in the membrane and allows H+ ions

Question 15

Problem with Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 15

• as the H+ rush back to the matrix side of the membrane the concentration gradient breaks down
  -the electrons at the end of the ETC are stuck
  Solution
  -oxygen

Question 16

Why do we exhale?

Answer 16

-to rid the body of the waste products of CO2

Question 17

Where in Cellular Respiration is CO2 produced?

Answer 17

• pyruvate oxidation

- Krebs cycle

Question 18

Where does the CO2 come from?

Answer 18

from glucose

Question 19

Why do we inhale?

Answer 19

to keep Chemiosmois/electron transport operating

Question 20

Glycolysis

Answer 20

2 ATP

Question 21

Pyruvate

Answer 21

0 ATP

Question 22

Krebs Cycle

Answer 22

2 ATP

Question 23

Chemiosmosis/Electron Transport

Answer 23

2 NADH (glycolysis)-6 ATP
2 NADH (pyruvate oxidation) -6 ATP
6 NADH (Krebs Cycle)-18 ATP
2 FADH (Krebs Cycle)-4 ATP
Total: (theoretical maximum) 38 ATP

Question 24

Energy Transfer

Answer 24

is about 36% efficient (rest as heat)

Question 25

Fermentation

Answer 25

``` lack of oxygen -pyruvate oxidation to shut down -Kreb's Cycle to shut down -Chemiosmosis to shut down -no ATP is produced -NADH is not oxidized back to NAD+ glycolysis can't operate b.c. of a lack of NAD+ ```

Question 26

Generation of NADH from NAD+

Answer 26

if NAD+ is not available then Glycolysis will stop

Question 27

A pathway must be established to produce ATP and oxidized NADH back to NAD+. So at least glycolysis can operate to produce ATP

Answer 27

fermentation

Question 28

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 28

in animals

Question 29

Ethanol Fermentation

Answer 29

in plants and fungi

Question 30

Other fermentation

Answer 30

are possible in bacteria and protists

Question 31

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 31

glucose=2 pyruvate by process of glycolysis | 2 pyruvate --> 2 lactate

Question 32

Ethanol Fermentation

Answer 32

glucose--glycolysis-->2 pyruvate 2 pyruvate--> 2 CO2(waste product) and 2 Acetaldehyde 2 Acetaldehyde---> 2 ethanol

Question 33

Sig.

Answer 33

reception, transduction, induction

Question 34

Reception

Answer 34

Gibberllin is the 1st messenger that binds to receptor proteins (target cells) or endosperm. the embryo made Gibberllin. it is over when the cell bind to the target cell.

Question 35

Transduction

Answer 35

receptor protein activates a g-protein by attaching a GTP, happening inside the endosperm cells. Ca+ ion channels open. then calcium from outside the cell facilitated diffusion into the cell. Ca bind to calmodulin.Calcium calmodulin activates transcription factors. this amplifies the message.Transcription factors are second messengers.

Question 36

Induction

Answer 36

read DNA and amylase. cell prod synthesis amylase. | Hydro amylose--> glucose. goes to embryo to do cellular respiration.