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Botany > Chap. 2&3 Botany > Flashcards

Chap. 2&3 Botany Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 classes of organic polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides

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2
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary metabolites?

A

Primary is in all plants. Secondary is in some cells in some plant species.

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3
Q

What are the 4 classes of secondary metabolites?

A

Alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, ?

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4
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH

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5
Q

Carbonyl

A

-C=O

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6
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Each carbon has a -OH, except one has -C=O.

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7
Q

Amino Acid

A

Central C, H, -NH3+, -COOH, and R-group

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8
Q

Fatty Acids

A

carbon chain 4 to 22, -COOH

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9
Q

Omega 3 Fatty Acid

A

have double bond at third C, essential to humans: body can’t make them.

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10
Q

Nucleotide

A

pentose sugar, -PO4-, nitrogen containing base,

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11
Q

Nitrogen Containing Base

A

One of the nitrogen containing purines or pyrimidines found in the nucleic acids of DNA and RNA.

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12
Q

Polysaccharide

A

more than 10 subunits

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13
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

bond holding glucose or fructose chains together, dehydration synthesis

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14
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

3 to10 monomers, ex. inulin (think beans)

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15
Q

Chitin

A

structure molecule in animals & fungi

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16
Q

Peptide Bond

A

carbon nitrogen covalent bonding.

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17
Q

Primary Structure

A

determined by DNA, amino acid order

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18
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Hydrogen bonding between the amino acids.

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19
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

the secondary structure folds upon itself

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20
Q

What are the 4 different organic monomers?

A

Monosaccharides, Amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides

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21
Q

Disulfide Bridge

A

The R-groups can have sulfur atoms. And the sulfur atoms can form bonds between each other

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22
Q

Salt Bridge

A

a. This is where positive and negative charged R-groups form a bond between them.
b. Both disulfide bridges and salt bridges can fold the amino chains further by than it has been in its secondary structure

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23
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Tertiary structured proteins locked together, like puzzle piece where correct shape and fit.

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24
Q

Denaturing of Proteins

A

to take protein out of its secondary or higher structure.

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25
lipids
a class of macromolecules that can be washed from a cell using a non-polar solvent.
26
Phospholipids
glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate, and R group
27
Waxes
long chain of fatty acids plus various other functional groups mainly hydroxyls (-OH).
28
Sterols
4 interconnected fatty acid rings used to stabilize membranes, animals hormones.
29
Suberin
a waxy substance used in some plant cell walls.
30
Nucleic Acids
transmitters of genetic information
31
Complementary
A to T, C to G
32
Antiparallel
one side runs from 3' to 5' and other side runs 5' to 3'.
33
RNA
Ribonucleic acid made of nucleotides
34
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, energy transfer
35
ribose vs. deoxyribose
ribose has one more oxygen than deoxyribose.
36
Alkaloids
nitrogenous ring compounds, pH basic (>7), usually bitter tasting, antiherbivory, antimicrobial, ex. opium
37
Terpenoids
derived form isoprene, essential oils- attract pollinators, warn off herbivores, antimicrobial, allelopathy, flavonoids (taste).
38
Phenolic
6 carbon rings with 3 double bonds, -OH group, flavonoid, water soluble pigments(blue, purple, red), attract pollinators, seed dispersers, chemically attract symbiotic bacteria, ex. lignin
39
Antimicrobial
antifungal and anitbacterial
40
Flavonoids
Red, blue colors
41
Tenets of Cell Theory
All life is composed of one or more cells. The chemical reactions of living organisms occur with in cells. Cells arise from preexisting cells. Cells contain the hereditary information of an organism.
42
Organelles and structures within Cells
Cell Wall Plasma Membrane Nucleoid Ribosomes
43
Robert Hooke
First to use a microscope to see cells, which reminded him of monk living chambers.
44
Leeuwenhoek
used microscope to see cloth, plaque, and bacteria and protozoans.
45
Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann
zoologist & botanist, basic unit of life is cell
46
Rudolf Virchow
all cells arise form cells.
47
Cell Wall
purpose: shape, protection Made: sugar and proteins
48
Plasma Membrane
Purpose: controls movement into and out of the cell Made: phospholipids (bilayer)
49
Nucleoid
Purpose: where DNA is located | bacterial DNA is circular
50
Ribosomes 70S
Purpose: assemble proteins (primary structure) | bacterial ribosomes
51
Glycocalyx
Purpose: attachment to objects (rock, teeth, etc) Made: polysaccharides
52
Flagella
Purpose: movement Made: Protein
53
Frimbrae
Purpose: attachment to soft tissue Made: Protein
54
Cytoplasm
area inside the cell but not in the nucleus
55
Cytosoll
the lipid in the cytoplasm the site of many chemical reactions
56
Organelles
membrane bound structure
57
Nucleus
contains DNA
58
Nuclear Membrane
membrane that surrounds the nucleus, limits access to DNA | Made: phospholipids (bilayer)
59
Nuclear Pores
holes in the nuclear membrane, lets large objects or molecules out of the nucleus.
60
Endosymbiotic Theory
Which organelles have their own DNA and ribosomes are plastids and mitochondria, thought to be captured bacteria.
61
Histones
organizing proteins
62
Chromatin
fibrous material inside of nucleus, made of DNA & histones
63
Nucleolus
where ribosomes are assembled
64
Plastid
organelles only in plants
65
Chloroplasts
perform photosynthesis green in color, 2 plasma membranse (smooth:outer, folded:inner), contain (70 S) ribosomes, contain own DNA (circular)
66
Chromoplasts
give plants their color red, yellow, orange, contain ribosomes (70S), own DNA
67
Amyloplasts
store starch, contain ribosomes, own DNA
68
Mitochondria
ATP synthesis, all cells have these organelles, 2 plasma membranes (outer:smooth, inner: folded), contain ribosomes, own DNA
69
Glyoxysomes
specialized peroxisomes found in plants, fat storage tissues of germinating seeds
70
Peroxisomes
small, membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions, including energy metabolism.
71
Vacuole
storage of sugars, proteins, water
72
Oil Bodies
droplets of oil in the cytoplasm, energy storage, not membrane bound,
73
Ribosomes (80S)
protein synthesis, are eukaryotic, not membrane bound
74
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a membrane system that is continuous with nuclear membrane associated with chemical production and shipping through the cytoplasm, 2 types are rough ER, smooth ER
75
Rough ER
covered in ribosomes (80S), synthesized proteins are taken into it and modified, ex. muscle tissue
76
Smooth ER
associated with lipid synthesis, ex. fat tissue
77
Golgi Bodies
synthesis of chemicals & shipping to outside of cell via transport vesicles
78
Transport Vesicles
secretory vesicles
79
Cytoskeleton
internal support and shape, not membrane bound, cell division and movement, 2 types are microtubules & actin filament
80
Microtubules
small tube, alpha tubulin and beta tubulin and are hollow.
81
Actin Filament
solid threat
82
Cilia
short, movement, in plants only sperm cells of some plants
83
Cellulose
major component made by the cellulose rosette proteins in plasma membrane
84
Cellulose Rosette
moves through the membrane following Cytoskeleton, dehydration synthesis of glucose monomers.
85
Micelle
chain-like cellulose molecules
86
Microfibril
a group of micelles
87
Macrofibril
hundreds of the microfibrils cemented into an irregular fibrous bundle
88
Hemicellulose
hold microfibrils together
89
Pectin
cements 2 cells together
90
Lignins
compressive strength
91
Waxes
mostly suberin, reduces water loss
92
Primary Cell Wall
1st wall deposited by the cell
93
Middle Lamella
2 adjoining cells, high in pectin
94
Primary Pit Fields
collection of plasmodesmata
95
Plasmodesmata
hole through primary cell wall
96
Desmotubule
small segment of ER tube.
97
Secondary Cell Wall
cell cannot increase in size, 3 different layers, cellulose fibrils are deposited in different directions for each layer
98
Pits
sections of the secondary wall not deposited over primary pit fields, gaps
99
Cytoplasmic Streaming
the movement of cytoplasm within a plant or animal cell, transports nutrients, proteins, and organelles within cells.
100
Myosin Motor Protein
family of ATP, ex. muscle contraction, have motor heads and two light chains
101
What is endosymbiont theory?
plastids & mitochondria are captured bacteria because they have bacterial DNA & ribosomes
102
The structure and function of primary and secondary cell walls?
Primary Cell Wall is the first layer laid down by the cell. | Secondary Cell Wall is cellulose fibrils deposited in different directions

Botany (9 decks)

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