Chap 6 - Automated & emerging technologies (automatic systems, robotics, ai) Flashcards
which industries are automated systems used in
-industrial uses
-transport systems
-agriculture
-weather forecasting
-gaming
-lighting systems
-science
define automated system
software & hardware designed & programmed to work automatically without needing human intervention
what do automated systems require
an ideal situation
what does automated systems contain & their functions
sensor- gets analogue data from environment
ADC - converts analogue data to digital data (interface)
microprocessor - processes digital data
DAC - converts digital data to analogue data (interface)
actuator - signal sent & does actions
automated system in Nuclear power station
-microprocessor is Distributed control system (DCS)
-_____sensors send data to DCS in digital format after ADC continuously
-DCS compare data with set value in database
-DCS sends signals to actuators if needed to operate pumps & valves
-supervisor can override the system and shut down if needed
advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in nuclear power station (Same)
advantages:
-faster
-safer
-less expensive in the long run
disadvantages:
-expensive to set up initially
-need maintenance
-can get cyber attacked
automated system in manufacturing paracetamol
-process 1 makes paracetamol, process 2 makes solid tablets
-________sensors monitor processes & send data to Central Comp. System in digital format continuously
-Comp. system compares values with stored values in database
-Comp. system sends signals to actuators if needed to operate pumps & valves
-supervisor can override the system and shut down if needed
advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in manufacturing paracetamol (Same)
advantages:
-faster
-safer
-less expensive in the long run
-(more consistent results)
disadvantages:
-expensive to set up initially
-need maintenance
-can get cyber attacked
automated system in self parking cars
-__________sensors & camera gauge size of parking spot
-comp. warms driver of a suitable spot
-automated system is on
-__________sensors on bumpers transmit & receive signal & convert to digital format continuously
-microprocessor to calculate distance of surrounding obj. constantly
-microprocessor compares data with stored data in database
-sends signals for actuators to operate steering rack, break & throttle
advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in
self parking cars
advantages:
-safer - monitors surroundings
-car fits in smaller spaces
-more consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-risk of faulty sensors/ cameras
-over-reliance on system
automated system in Adaptive cruise control
-cruising speed is set
-lasers sent out and received by ultrasonic sensors on bumper constantly & converted to digital format
-microprocessor calculates distance by time taken for laser to reflect back
-distance is compared to set speed value in database
-if car too close, signal sent for actuators to reduce throttle
-if car distance big, microprocessor checks if current speed = cruising speed
-if not, signal sent to increase/ decrease throttle
-process is looped until distance is safe/ speed good
advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in Adaptive cruise control
advantages:
-safer
-consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-maintenance
automated system in water irrigation systems
-controller gets data from auto. weather station
-water level sensor used to check amount of water in irrigation system constantly & convert to digital data
-wireless receiver get data through wireless transmitters & sends to Controller
-Controller compares data from sensor with set values in database & signals weather station to stop / start water pumps
-supervisor can override the system if needed & can see the process from a central point
advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in water irrigation systems
advantages:
-faster
-safer for workers (high temps.)
-reduce labor
disadvantages:
-expensive to set up initially
-maintenance for system
-maintenance for water channels
automated system in weather stations
-data from ______sensors sent to microprocessor constantly in digital format
-microprocessor calculates values / compares values with set value in database & stores it in a central database
-actuator is sent signal to tip bucket rain gauge at a specific time to measure rainfall
-reports are sent out to airports every 5 mins
advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in weather stations
advantages:
-accurate results
-consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-maintenance
-can get cyber attacked
automated system in lighting systems
-as dark, ________sensor detects change in light constantly & converts to digital format
-microprocessor compares data with set values in database & sends signal to actuator to control LED lights
-inferred sensor acts as security device
advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in lighting systems
advantages:
-safer (wireless - no trailing wires)
-reduce energy consumption (light on only when needed)
-longer bulb life
disadvantages:
-expensive
-maintenance
-wireless less reliable than wired systems
automated system in chemical process in lab
-level sensor & colorimeter data sent to microprocessor constantly in digital format
-microprocessor compare readings with set values in database & sends signals to actuator to operate taps
advantages & disadvantages of automated systems in chemical process in lab
advantages:
-faster results
-safer (harmful chemicals)
-more consistent results
disadvantages:
-expensive
-less flexible than human techniques
components in nuclear power station
-sensor: temp., pressure, gas, flow level, radiation level
-microprocessor: Distributed Control System (DCS)
-actuator: pumps & valves
-supervisor
components in manufacturing paracetamol
-sensors: temp. pH etc.
-microprocessor: Central Comp. system
-actuator: pumps, valves etc
-database
-supervisor
components in self parking cars
-sensors: motion, infrared, proximity
-microprocessor
-actuator: steering rack, brake, throttle
components in adaptive cruise control
-sensors: ultrasonic
-microprocessor
-actuator: throttle
components in water irrigation systems
-sensors: water level, moisture
-wireless receiver
-microprocessor: Controller
-actuator: water pumps
-data from weather station
-supervisor
components in weather stations
-sensors: temp., humidity, wind speed, level, light, pressure
-microprocessor
-actuator: rain gauge
-central database
-battery
components in gaming
-sensors: accelerometers, proximity
-microprocessor
-actuator
components in lighting systems
-sensors: light, infrared, motion
-microprocessor
-actuator: lights
components in chemical process in lab
-sensors: level, colorimeter
-microprocessor
-actuator
types of sensors, function & application (change)
-temp. - temp. change; monitoring temp of paracetamol
-pressure - pressure applied; detect presence of car when pressure is applied
-gas - detect gas level present; monitor pollution, detect leaks in ac
-radiation level - radiation; in nuclear power plants
-humidity - water vapor in air; determine weather for weather stations
-level - ultrasonic to detect change in level of liquid(level of liquid); monitor levels in petrol tank of car
-light - light intensity; street light on & off
-accelerometers - acceleration; to apply airbags in car when rapid deceleration, switch phone btw portrait & landscape
-proximity - detect nearby obj. within distance; face is close to mobile screen
-infrared (passive) - heat radiation given by obj.; security alarm - detect body heat
-infrared (active) - when invisible radiation beam is broken, detect change in infrared radiation; security alarm- intruder breaks beam
-motion - motion; detect people entering for lighting systems
-colorimeter - colour; in chemical reactions
-pH - acidity; making paracetamol
-acoustic - convert detected sound into electrical signals; security alarm- pick up footsteps
-moisture - water levels in; water level in soil to operate pumps
-mag. field - mag. field changes; anti lock braking systems in car
-flow - flow rate of liquid/ gas (amount of liquid); flow of liquid in chemical reaction
-OCR - converts image text into digital data; camera
define sensor
input device that takes reading of the environment & sends data to processor
general advantage & disadvantage of automated systems
advantage:
-faster than human operator
-less expensive in long run
-keep humans away from dangerous places
disadvantage:
-expensive to set up initially
-cyber attacks
-maintenance
differences btw microprocessor & processor
processor - do many things, has more power
microprocessor - does 1 thing only, specialised
name of software used to convert data in pic
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
note: mention specific sensors in Q
note: automated systems allow processes to run at optimum conditions at all time
note: automated systems will react more quickly to unusual process conditions than manual systems
note: when ans questions on automated systems/ robotics
-name sensor
-continuously send data in digital format (ADC)
-microprocessor compares data with stored value from database
-the conditions if less, same or more
-whole process repeated continuously (unless if need)
define Optical Character Reader (OCR)
-converts image text into digital data
define microprocessor
-processing unit that sends signal to actuator to perform an action based on data
define actuator
device that performs actions based on microprocessor signals
Robot plants seeds & stop when it reaches a fence, turns & continues.
Explain how robot uses sensors & microprocessor to know it has reached a fence
-uses proximity sensor
-sensor continuously sends digitalized data to microprocessor
-microprocessor compares data to stored value
-if value within range so the fence is far enough, robot continues
-if value outside range so the fence is close, microprocessor sends signals to actuator to turn
-process is repeated until it’s turned off
note: automatic systems applications
https://docs.google.com/document/d/12qdyxn0ZHKsyLNhjot5thw2J1FbWc66hx6CqmCGpUv8/edit#heading=h.u9v2hp4pgfct
define robotics
branch of comp sci that included design, construction & operation of robots
3 laws of robotics
-robot should not hurt humans
-robot must obey order from humans unless it conflicts with law 1
-robot must protect itself unless it conflicts law 1
3 uses for robots in:
-factories
-home
-drones
factories:
-welding parts tgt
-bottling & labelling plants
-fitted windscreens to cars
home:
-autonomous floor sweepers
-autonomous lawn mower
-ironing robots
drones:
-make parcel deliveries
-unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
-for aerial photos
characteristics of robots
-ability to sense surroundings - through sensors
-ability to move - they’re mechanical structures made up of electrical components with end effectors which allows them to carry tasks
-programmable - contains controllers which control the robot & can be programmable
note: there are physical & software robots, only physical robots are true robots
difference btw robots & ai
-robots do repetitive tasks
-ai has adaptive human characterisitcs
diff btw the types of robots & eg
independent:
-autonomous
-can replace human activity totally
eg. self driving cars
dependent:
-needs human interfacing directly
-supplements human activity
eg. robots in car factories
robots in industry
-robot’s control is in microprocessor or comp. system
1) robot is programmed with instructions to carry out task
2.1) end effector is manually guided by workers & movements are stored as instructions
2.2) worker has sensors on him & info is sent to robot as instruction
-the instructions are done repetitive & automatic
-they have sensors to get info on surrounding
advantages & disadvantages of robots in industry
advantages:
-24/7 work
-more consistent
-less expensive in long run
disadvantages:
-unemployment
-deskilling of workers
-expensive initially
robots in transport (vehicles)
-radar & ultrasonic sensors, cameras sends conditions of the road constantly; 3D image of surrounding
-microprocessor sends signals to actuators
advantages & disadvantages of robots in transport (vehicles)
advantages:
-increased lane capacity
-safer; less human error
-less traffic congestion
disadvantages:
-expensive initially
-cyber attacks
-maintenance
robots in transport (trains)
-uses Light Detection & Ranging (LiDaR) - uses lasers for 3D image of surroundings, proximity sensors & camera
-use Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) for speed & direction in control system
-actuators; speed, braking, doors
advantages & disadvantages of robots in transport (trains)
advantages:
-safer; less human error
-more punctual trains
-less energy consumption
disadvantages:
-expensive initially
-not good with busy services
-cyber attacks
robots in transport (planes)
-sensors detect turbulence & depressurisation
-use GPS for navigation & speed calculations
-actuators; throttle, wings, rudder
advantages & disadvantages of robots in transport (planes)
advantages:
-less labor
-safer
-more aerodynamics; no need for cockpit for piolets
disadvantages:
-hijacking
-emergency situations
-maintenance
robots in agriculture
Havrvesting & picking, weed control, seed distribution
2) harvesting & picking:
-accurate (only pick ripe fruits) & faster
-higher yield & less waste
-no stalk damage to plant
2) weed control:
-distinguish btw weed & plant
-drone gets and aerial view & paths are programmed
-directions use GPS
3) phenotyping:
-spectral sensors & thermal cameras to create 3D image of plant to be monitored for health & growth
-recognises issues & tells farmer
-more accurate & faster than doing manually
4) seed planting & fertiliser distribution:
-drone gets and aerial view
-accurate seed planting & more efficient fertilier spreading
-drones used for cloud seeding
5) autonomous agricultural devices:
-uses sensors, cameras & programmed to stop when weather is bad
eg. seeding robots, grass cutters
advantages & disadvantages of robots in agriculture
1) harvesting & picking:
advantages: more efficient, faster
disadvantages: expensive initially, maintenance
2) weed control:
advantages: eco- friendly, precise
disadvantages: expensive initially, struggles identifying certain weeds
3) phenotyping:
advantages: accurate, early detection of diseases
disadvantages: expensive initially, needs advanced software
4) seed planting & fertiliser distribution:
advantages: precise, less waste
disadvantages: expensive initially, disrupted by bad weather
5) autonomous agricultural devices:
advantages: less labor, 24/7 work
disadvantages: expensive initially, unemployment
robots in medicine
-quicker & less costly operations
-robotic surgery; minor surgery
-monitor patients
-disinfect operation rooms
-take blood samples from patients
-microbots for target therapy; localise drug in 1 spot & less damage to other tissues
-prosthetic limbs; bionic skin & neural implants interface with nervous system for better control of limb
advantages & disadvantages of robots in medicine
advantages:
-doc & nurses are freed for more skilled work
-safer for doc & nurses if patient has infectious diseases
disadvantages: expensive initially, maintenance
robots in home
1 & 2) autonomous vacuum cleaners & grass cutters:
-proximity sensors & cameras to avoid bumping
-microprocessor to control robot & programmable by user
-actuators control motors
3) personal assistants:
-controlled by microprocessor
-understands voice commands & answers
-has HD camera & comp. vision to recognise people’s faces & navigate room
robots in entertainment
1) theme parks:
-dress as cartoon characters which engage with visitors
2) music festivals:
-control lightning, visual effects & animation sync with music
3) film making
-control cameras; keep them steady
4) humanoid robots:
-stunt actions & use comp. generated imagery (CGI)
5) special effects
-sync actions & special affects
define dependent robot
robot that requires human interface to operate & supplements human activities
define end effector
device attached to robot which allows it to carry out tasks
define ai
branch of comp. sci which simulates human intelligence by a comp.
types of ai
-narrow ai - specific task & better than humans
eg. chat bot, facial recognition systems
-general ai - range of task & similar to humans
-strong ai - range of task & better than humans
2 types of ai systems
-expert system
-machine learning
characteristics of ai
-collection of data & rules
-ability to reason
-ability to learn & adapt
advantage & disadvantage of expert system
advantage:
-accurate
-can make logical solutions
-fast response time
disadvantage:
-expensive initially
-only as good as the info in them
-can make dangerous assumptions
components of expert system
-user interface; how expert system reacts with user
eg. command prompts, dialogue boxes
-inference engine:
gathers info in user by asking Q & finds info from knowledge base using rules base
-knowledge base: collection of objects & attributes
-rules base: set of inference rules used to come to a conclusion
-exploitation system; gives reasoning to user on how conclusion is derived
-expert systems shell: user interface, inference engine, explanation system
define expert system & eg
-form of ai that mimics human knowledge & experience
eg. chess, diagnosing patient
how to set up an expert system
-gather info to put in knowledge base
-create rules base, inference engine & user interface
-test fully after set up
define machine learning
sub set of ai where algorithms are trained & learn from past experiences & examples
eg. search engines
how is machine learning used in categorizing emails as spam
-cleans out stop words & leave relevant data only
-certain words are frequently used in spam emails
-learns from past emails that its a spam
how is machine learning used in recognizing user buying history
-collaboration filtering; comparing customers with simila shopping behavior with new customers
diff btw expert system & machine learning
expert system:
-stimulated human intelligence in machines
-aim: machines capable of thinking like humans
machine learning:
-makes machine make decisions without being programmed to do so
-aim: make machines learn to solve new problems
how is machine learning used in detecting fraudulent activity
-shopping habits & personal data is gathered
-redundant data is removed
-algorithm is trained; unusual spending will be fraudulent
define autonomous
-no direct human control needed & can carry out human activity on own
define actuator
-device under control of microprocessor & operates pump, wheels etc
define ai systems
-form of ai where machines mimic humans & manipulates obj. using end effector
how is machine learning used in search engines
-user types criteria
-search engine uses search bots to locate websites matching criteria
-user selects websites found in pg 1; this is classified as success, else its a failure
run down of expert system process
1) knowledge base
2) rules base
3) inference engine
4) user interface
5) explanation system
- 1 & 3, 3 to 2 & 1 for conclusion, 3 give 4 ans, 5 explains to 4
-be careful of arrows, rules base points to explanation system & inference engine
diff btw ai & machine learning
ai:
-range of scope
-works with structured, semi structured & unstructured data
-concerned about max.ing chances of success
machine learning:
-limited scope
-works with structured & semi structured data
-concerned about accuracy & patterns
types of learning for machine learning
-supervised learning - data & labels on things
-unsupervised learning - data & no label on things
-reinforcement learning - give feedback
define deep learning
subset of machine learning made of software that allows itself to train
What makes automated systems more efficient than manual ones
Their adaptability to new scenarios without reprogramming
What defines a machine as a robot
It has the ability to sense, move, and be programmed
-ai is not a requirement for a robot
Robots used in surgery provide the benefit of:
Reducing operation time and errors
-does not completely eliminating ALL human errors
what is a characteristic of robots
Ability to make independent decisions without programming
define web crawler
robots in the internet that scan & categories websites for research purposes
define knowledge base
repository of objects & attributes
describe 3 uses of expert systems
-diagnosing patients
-chess
-oil & mineral prospecting
describe 3 uses of machine learning
-categorizing spam emails
-recognizing user buying history
-detection of fraudulent activities
define embedded system
combination of software & hardware designed to carry out a specific function; hardware is electronic, electrical or electro- mechanical
