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Comp sci > Chap 3 - hardware > Flashcards

Chap 3 - hardware Flashcards

1
Q

define CPU

A

central processing unit
-executes/ processes instructions & data in the comp.
-consist of control unit (CU), arithmetic & logic unit (ALU), memory unit (registers) & buses, cache memory

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2
Q

examples of instructions that can be executed by CPU

A

-video calls
-instant message
-opening application e. Spotify

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3
Q

difference btw processor & microprocessor

A

processor - do many tasks
microprocessor - does only 1 task

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4
Q

2 types of computers & what are they

A

1) Fixed program computers:
-specific functions
-can’t be reprogrammed
eg. calculators
2) Stored program computers: Von- Neumann architecture
-carry out diff tasks/ applications stored in them

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5
Q

characteristics of Von- Neumann architecture

A

-Must have a processor/s
-has CPU, memory & storage
-Processor must talk directly to Memory ( RAM)
-Memory contains stored program that has instructions & data
-Each instruction is executed line by line

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6
Q

what is stored program

A

-program stored in RAM which has instructions & data
-instructions are loaded from storage to RAM
-instructions are executed line by line

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7
Q

use of control unit (CU) in CPU

A

-sends control signals to synchronize execution of instruction & data movement
-uses system clock to produce timing signals on control bus, else the comp will crash

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8
Q

uses of memory unit (registers) in CPU

A

-made of registers that are used for storing immediate result temporarily during fetch, decode & execute cycle
-PC, MAR, MDR, CIR, ACC

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9
Q

use of arithmetic & logic unit (ALU), in CPU

A

-carry out arithmetic & logical operations of binary no.

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10
Q

define system buses

A

buses used to transmit data through parallel transmission
-parallel = data not arrived in order, faster than serial

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11
Q

types of system buses & their directions (they’re all parallel transmission)

A

-address bus - unidirectional = from CPU to RAM - memory address of instructions
-data bus - bidirectional = from CPU to RAM & RAM to CPU
-control bus - bidirectional = sends and received control signals to & from components

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12
Q

types of register & their uses

A

-program counter (PC) - stores address of next instruction
-memory address register (MAR) - stores address of memory location currently being read form/ written to
-memory data register (MDR) - stores data that is has just been read from memory/ data about to be written to memory
-current instruction register (CIR) - stores current instruction being decoded & executed
-accumulator (ACC) - stores data temporarily while ALU does calculations

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13
Q

which registers belong to which unit in the CPU

A

-PC = memory
-ACC = ALU
-MAR = memory
-MDR = memory
-CIR = control unit

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14
Q

Fetch, decode & execute process

A

-CPU fetches data & instructions & stores them in Immediate Access Store (IAS)
-memory address of NEXT instruction is stored in PC from RAM
-address is loaded to MAR which is loaded into address bus
-contents of memory address is loaded from data bus into MDR
-data is loaded in CIR for decoding
-instructions are sent to ALU which executes it. ACC temporarily holds data while ALU executes them
-PC value is loaded onto MAR & process continues until all instruction are executed
fetch: get data from RAM
decode: decode instruction to be interpreted
execute: CPU passes decoded instructions to components by a set of control signals

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15
Q

How to write correct binary for MAR & MDR

A

-find binary in address column for MAR
-find binary in contents next to address binary for MDR

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16
Q

factors that affect the performance of a CPU

A

-clock cycles
-width of system buses
-cache memory
-CPU cores

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17
Q

define cache memory

A

memory in the CPU that stores frequently used instructions & data that need to be accessed faster
-CPU checks cache before checking RAM

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18
Q

how does clock cycles affect the performance of a CPU

A

-increasing clock speed, increases CPU speed
-heat processor up = unreliable performance
-not good to overclock CPU beyond its normal design

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19
Q

how does width of system buses affect the performance of a CPU

A

-increasing bus width, increases CPU speed

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20
Q

how does cache memory affect the performance of a CPU

A

-increasing cache memory, increases CPU speed
-can store more data that is frequently used

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21
Q

how does CPU cores affect the performance of a CPU

A

-increasing CPU cores, increases CPU speed
-multi processing = more fetch, decode & execute cycles per second
-1 core has ALU, CU & registers
-CPU needs to communicate with each core = reduce overall performance

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22
Q

define clock cycles

A

no. of CPU/ fetch, decode & execute cycles in 1 second
-synchronizes diff operations
-each clock cycle send out a clock or timing signal
-based on the system clock

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23
Q

define overclocking

A

-increasing the clock speed of a comp
-clock speed can be changed by altering settings in Basic input/ output system (BIOS)
-executing instructions outside of comp limits can cause unsynchronized operations = frequent crashing
-leads to lot of overheating = unreliable performance

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24
Q

purpose of primary & secondary storage

A

primary - volatile, stores data currently used by CPU
secondary - non- volatile, stores data not currently used by CPU

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25
Q

why does a comp need RAM

A

store date temporaily
-store data currnetly in use
-so data can be accessed faster

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26
Q

characteristics of primary storage that makes it primary storge

A

directly accessed by CPU

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27
Q

all sensors

A

-temp. - temp. change; monitoring temp of paracetamol
-pressure - pressure applied; detect presence of car when pressure is applied
-gas - detect gas level present; monitor pollution, detect leaks in ac
-radiation level - radiation; in nuclear power plants
-humidity - water vapor in air; determine weather for weather stations
-level - ultrasonic to detect change in level of liquid(level of liquid); monitor levels in petrol tank of car
-light - light intensity; street light on & off
-accelerometers - acceleration; to apply airbags in car when rapid deceleration, switch phone btw portrait & landscape
-proximity - detect nearby obj. within distance; face is close to mobile screen
-infrared (passive) - heat radiation given by obj.; security alarm - detect body heat
-infrared (active) - when invisible radiation beam is broken, detect change in infrared radiation; security alarm- intruder breaks beam
-motion - motion; detect people entering for lighting systems
-colorimeter - colour; in chemical reactions
-pH - acidity; making paracetamol
-acoustic - convert detected sound into electrical signals; security alarm- pick up footsteps
-moisture - water levels in; water level in soil to operate pumps
-mag. field - mag. field changes; anti lock braking systems in car
-flow - flow rate of liquid/ gas (amount of liquid); flow of liquid in chemical reaction
-OCR - converts image text into digital data; camera

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28
Q

use of output devices

A

show information processed by computer

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29
Q

all output devices

A

-actuator
-DLP projector
-LCD projector
-inkjet printer
-Laser printer
-LED screen
-LCD screen
-speaker
-3D printer

29
Q

all input devices

A

-bar code scanner
-QR code scanner
-Digital camera
-keyboard
-microphone
-optical mouse
-touch screen
-2D & 3D scanner
-sensors

30
Q

types of data storage

A

-primary = RAM, ROM, cache memory
-internal & external secondary = HDD, SDD, optical drives
-virtual memory
-cloud storage

31
Q

difference btw primary & secondary storage

A

primary:
-directly accessed by CPU
-volatile except for ROM
-smaller size
-more expensive
secondary:
-not directly accessed by CPU
-non- volatile
-bigger size
-less expensive

32
Q

define what volatile

A

data is lost when device is powered off

33
Q

what is ROM

A

-Read only memory
-stores BIOS

34
Q

what is RAM

A

-Random access memory
-stores programs & data currently running
-static & dynamic

35
Q

difference btw static & dynamic RAM

A

dynamic: DRAM
-made up of capacitors (ABCD)
-needs constant charging
-slower
-uses more power = power needed for a separate circuit to refresh constantly
-less densely packed
-less expensive
static: SRAM
-made up of transistors (STUV)
-no charging needed
-faster
-less power consumption
-more densely packed
-more expensive

36
Q

difference btw RAM & ROM

A

RAM:
-temporary memory
-can be used to read & write
-stores programs & data currently run/ processed
ROM:
-permanent memory
-can only be read from
-stores BIOS

37
Q

relationship btw RAM size & comp speed

A

larger RAM size = comp operates faster

38
Q

examples of uses of ROM

A

-store factory settings
-store set routines
-store ‘start up’ routines

39
Q

examples of uses of RAM

A

-playing a video
-playing music

40
Q

note: magnetic storage = Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A
41
Q

how does HDD work

A

-the platter rotates whiles the read- write head reads or writes the data
-data is stored in sectors & tracks
-slower data access than RAM
-has latency = time taken for specific block of data to rotate around the read- write head
-data needs to be refreshed

42
Q

how does Solid State drives (SSD) work

A

-made up of flash memory chips with NAND/ NOR
-data doesn’t needs to be refreshed

43
Q

how does optical media work

A

-the disk has pits & lands which can be detected as binary using a laser
-uses a read & write head like HDD

44
Q

difference btw HDD & SSD

A

HDD:
-has movable parts
-movable parts cause friction & heat = slower
-less expensive
-more storage
-moving parts = less durable
SDD:
-has flash memory chips
-NAND chips used to make flash memory are faster
-more expensive
-less storage
-more durable

45
Q

differences btw CD, DVD & blue ray disk

A

CD:
-use infrared laser
-least storage = 800MB
-least expensive
-used for storing small audio files & programs
DVD:
-use red laser
-more storage than CD = 4GB
-more expensive than CD
-used for storing SD videos & movies
Blue ray:
-use blue laser
-most storage = 25 GB
-most expensive
-used for storing ultra HD movies & large files

46
Q

what is virtual memory & how does it work

A

-oldest (first) data is moved into HDD or SSD instead of RAM when RAM doesn’t have anymore space in it
-HDD is partitioned, data is divided into pages that are sent form RAM to HDD to be temporarily stored until they’re required

47
Q

benefits & drawbacks of virtual memory

A

benefits:
-programs larger than physical memory can be executed
-no need to waste memory on data not being used
-reduces need to buy more expensive RAM memory
drawbacks:
-comp runs more slowly - comp needs to swap data btw RAM & HDD/ SSD
-virtual memory stakes up space in HDD that could be used to store files
-system runs away slowly when comp relies on virtual memory heavily

48
Q

what is could storage, types & how does it work

A

-when data is stored on remote servers
-physical environment is owned & managed by a company host
public cloud - storage environment where customer & storage provider are diff companies
private cloud - storage provided by a dedicated environment behind the company firewall
hybrid cloud - combination of public & private clouds

49
Q

benefits & drawbacks of cloud storage

A

benefits:
-unlimited storage
-can be accessed from anywhere using internet
-more reliable data recovery
-less expertise needed for management
drawbacks:
-needs internet access
-can be hacked
-long term costs add up as subscription is needed
-limited file support

50
Q

benefits & drawbacks of storing data on cloud than locally

A

benefits:
-cheaper than buying local hardware
drawbacks:
-limited file support

51
Q

note: anything that is downloaded & installed is stored on the hard drive = non- volatile, can override data

A
52
Q

note: CPU - RAM - HD

A
53
Q

what does a 3.5 GHz processor mean

A

-processor can run 3.5 billion fetch, decode & execute cycles per second

54
Q

2 ways to join a network

A

-NIC
-ethernet

55
Q

define NIC

A

-network interface card
-needed to allow a device to connect to a network & send & receive data over it
-contain MAC address
-WNIC - wireless; converts wireless signals into a msg that CPU can understand
-land NIC - wired

56
Q

define MAC address

A

-identifies the physical address of a device on the network (never changes)
-needed to connect to a network
-Media Access Control
-in hex, 48 bits in 6 groups of 2
-first 6 is manufacturer’s code, last is device’s serial number

57
Q

define IP address

A

identifies the global address on the internet

58
Q

how are IP addresses assigned

A

-when a device connects to a pvt network, they’re given a pvt IP which is unique in that network but may be the same as another device in another network
-when router connects to internet, it is given a unique IP address by ISP
-all devices connected to the router has the same pub IP as the router but but each have their own diff pvt IP
-ASSIGNED BY ROUTER LOCALLY OR ISP

59
Q

IPv4

A

-in denary
-32 bits, 4 octoates, 8 bits per octoate (no matter how small)
-0 to 255 per octoate
2 ^ 32 possible combiantions

60
Q

IPv6

A

-in hex
-128 bits, 8 octoates
2 ^ 128 possible combinations

61
Q

advantages of IPv6 to IPv4

A

-removes risk of IP address collisions
-has built in authentic checks
-allows for more efficient packet routes

62
Q

differences btw MAC & IP

A

MAC:
-unique for device
-can be universal or local
-uses 48 bits
IP:
-may not be unique
-Dynamic IP changes every time device connects to internet; static IP doesn’t change
-can be 32 or 128 bits

63
Q

differences btw Pvt & pub IP

A

pvt:
-assigned by router locally
-changes
-managed manually
pub:
-provided by ISP
-fixed
-1 network has 1 public IP for all devices for internet access

64
Q

static IP

A

-IP permanently assigned to a device by the ISP; don’t change each time device logs on the network

65
Q

dynamic IP

A

-IP assigned temporarily to a device by the ISP; changes every time device logs on the network
-assigned using a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

66
Q

where are static Ip assigned in

A

-remote servers which host a website
-online database

67
Q

differences btw static & dynamic IP

A

dynamic:
-IP can change
-IP is automatically assigned by setting a range
-used for larger networks
-better privacy; Ip changes each time
-has lease time
static:
-IP cannot change
-IP is manually assigned
-used for small networks & servers
-each device is fully traceable
-allows of faster upload & download speed; can access websites directly
no lease time

68
Q

roles of a router

A

-finding path to the destination
-forwarding packets
-assigned IP addresses to devices in a network

69
Q

note: you can have multiple networks on a router

A

Comp sci (13 decks)

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