CHAP 6 ANTI INFECTIVES

Question 1

(1876) introduced antiseptic principles for use in surgery and post traumatic injury

Answer 1

Joseph Lister

Question 2

Joseph lister used _____________ as wash for
the hands, as a spray on an incision site, and on bandages applied to wounds.

Answer 2

PHENOL (Carbolic Acid)

Question 3

• worked with a set of antibacterial dyes and antiparasitic organic arsenicals
• His goal was to develop compounds that
  retained antimicrobial activity at the expense of toxicity of human host - “Magic Bullets”

Answer 3

Paul Ehrlich

Question 4

discovered Compound 606 (also known as arsphenamine, salvarsan), an antisyphylitic agent

• Dyes such as Gentian Violet and
  Methylene blue were used as anti-infectives
• Heavy metals were also used but had
  severely limited usefulness because of
  toxicities

Answer 4

Paul Ehrlich

Question 5

• the property of certain chemicals
  to kill one type of organism while
  not harming the other

Answer 5

Selective Toxicity

Question 6

• anti-infective agents that are used locally

Answer 6

Germicides

Question 7

• are compounds that kill (-cidal) or prevent the growth (-static) of microorganisms when applied to living tissue

Answer 7

Antiseptics

Question 8

Ideal properties of antiseptics:

Answer 8

• Low-enough toxicity that it can be used
  directly on skins and wounds
• Exert a rapid and sustained lethal action
  against microorganisms
• Low surface tension so that it will spread
  into the wound
• Should retain activity in the presence of
  body fluids, including pus
• Non-irritating, non-allergenic, lack systemic toxicity when applied to skin or mucous membranes and does not interfere with healing

Question 9

• an agent that prevents transmission
  of infection by the destruction of
  pathogenic microorganisms when
  applied to inanimate objects

Answer 9

Disinfectant

Question 10

Ideal disinfectants…

Answer 10

• Exert rapidly lethal action against all
  potentially pathogenic microorganisms and spores
• Have good penetrating properties
  into organic matters
• Share compatibility with organic
  compounds (particularly soaps)
• Not inactivated by living tissue
• Noncorrosive
• Aesthetically pleasing
  (nonstaining and odorless)

Question 11

• application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection

Answer 11

Antisepsis

Question 12

• destruction or marked reduction in
  the number of activity of
  microorganisms

Answer 12

Decontamination

Question 13

• chemical or physical treatment that
  destroys most vegetative microbes
  or viruses, but not spores, in or on
  inanimate objects

Answer 13

Disinfection

Question 14

• reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes

Answer 14

Sanitization

Question 15

• a process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptably
  low probability of survival

Answer 15

Sterilization

Question 16

• a process that kills nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65 -
  100 C

Answer 16

Pasteurization

Question 17

• used as antiseptics and disinfectants

Answer 17

Alcohols and aldehydes

Question 18

How does the antibacterial potency of primary alcohols change with molecular weight?

Answer 18

It increases as the molecular weight increases, reaching the highest potency at octanol (8-carbon alcohol).

Question 19

How does increasing the chain length of primary alcohols affect their ability to penetrate microbial membranes?

Answer 19

Increased primary alcohol chain length increases = Van der waals interactions increase = increased ability to penetrate microbial membranes.

It increases Van der Waals interactions, enhancing membrane penetration.

Question 20

is slightly more active than ethyl alcohol against vegetative bacterial growth but
both are ineffective against spores

Answer 20

Isopropyl alcohol

Question 21

• Denaturation of important proteins and carbohydrates

Answer 21

MOA

Question 22

• Ethanol, Ethyl Alcohol, Wine Spirit,
  Spiritus vini rectificatus, Grain Alcohol
• Contains 95% ethanol by volume
• Fermentation product from grain and
  other carbohydrates sources
• substance known as ethyl alcohol, hydrated oxide of ethyl, or spirit of wine, from whatever source or whatever process produced, having a proof of 160 or more and not including
  the substances commonly known as
  whiskey, brandy, rum or gin.

Answer 22

Alcohol, USP

Question 23

the most widely abused of all recreational drugs
* widely used in pharmaceutical preparations
* undergoes a series of oxidation reactions in vivo

Answer 23

Alcohol, USP

Question 24

What is the antidote of alcohol toxicity?

Answer 24

• DISULFIRAM

Question 25

* ethanol that has been rendered **unfit for use in intoxicating beverages** by the addition of other substances * completely contains added **methanol (wood alcohol) and benzene** and is unsuitable for either internal or external use (eye toxicity and bone marrow toxicity/ leukemia, respectively)

Answer 25

Denatured Alcohol