Chap 5

Question 1

Valence electrons

Answer 1

Electrons in the highest occupied energy level, involves only the s & p sublevels (B/c of the sublevel filling sequence). Can hold up to eight electron

Question 2

For main group elements the column or group number is

Answer 2

also the number of valence electrons

Question 3

Lewis dot symbols

Answer 3

Represent electrons as dots around atomic symbol

Question 4

Octet rule
What group fulfills the octet rule?
Other atoms fulfill the octet rule by:

Answer 4

An atom is stabilized by having its valence energy level filled.
Noble gasses
gaining or loosing electrons (ions) or by sharing electrons

Question 5

Ions

Answer 5

Atom or groups of atoms that have an overall charge

Question 6

Cations, what are they how do they come about

Answer 6

Positively charged Ions
Atoms form cations by loosing electrons
Main group metals fulfill the octet rule by forming cations

Question 7

Generally, what are the charges of the ions of the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals?

Answer 7

+1 and +2, respectively

Question 8

Naming cations, and transition metal cations that have more than one charge.

Answer 8

Metal cations have the same name as the neutral metals
Transition metals with different charges, their charges are listed as roman numerals immediately after the atom’s name ( Fe^2+ = Iron(II))

Question 9

Naming Anions

Answer 9

When atom gains electrons, the resulting anion is named by changing the end of the atom name to -ide
(Sulfur-Sulfide)

Question 10

Polyatomic ions

Answer 10

Groups of atoms with a charge

Question 11

What are oxyanions

Naming oxyanions

Answer 11

Oxyanions- polyatomic ions that involve oxygen.
Usually named as: element root + -ate
(CO^2- 3 -Carbonate)
for those with more than one oxyanion:
the ones with fewer oxygens end in -ite
the ones with more oxygens ends in -ate
-the one with fewer oxygens than the one with -ite has a subfix Hypo-
-the one with more oxygens than the one with -ate has subfix per-

Question 12

Ionic bond

Answer 12

An attraction between oppositely charged atoms

Question 13

Ionic compound, composed of

Answer 13

Composed of charged ions
Metal cations and nonmmetal anions form ionic compounds
Positive charges must equal negative . Total charge =0

Question 14

Empirical formula:

Answer 14

for ionic compounds (?)
The smallest whole number ratio of atoms
subscripts written after each atom indicate the number of that atom present
Cation then anion is written
no subscript written, understood to be one

Question 15

“-ate is great and -ite is light”

Answer 15

Mote oxygen atoms: -ate

fewer oxygen atoms: -ite

Question 16

Formula unit

Answer 16

Empirical formula gives the smallest number of ions necessary to form a compound. This # of ions is the formula unit

Question 17

Naming ionic compounds

Answer 17

Cation- anion
polyatomic too
positives and negatives must equal each other to be a neutral solid so there is no need to specify amounts or charges

Question 18

Naming Ionic compounds w/ transition metals

Answer 18

cation - anion
The balance in the cation needed to balance the charge of the anion is written after the cation name in parentheses.
(CUCl2 - Copper (II) chloride)

Question 19

Covalent bond

Answer 19

Electrons are shared between two bonds to form molecules
By sharing electrons, each atom fills its valence level
Atoms sometimes share two or more electrons

Question 20

Covalent Compunds

Answer 20

form when elements combine through covalent bonds forming discreet molecules

Question 21

Molecular formula

Answer 21

Gives the number of atoms in the molecule
Often have complex structures
(Empirical: NH2 Molecular: N2H4)

Question 22

Naming binary covalent compounds (containing only two atoms)

Answer 22

From the periodic table, the atom on the left is named first and the whole name is used
The one to the right is second and named as an anion (subfix -ide)
Prefixes are used in front of each element (except for mono on the first element) to indicate how many atoms there are

Question 23

Ionic vs Covalent bonds

Answer 23

Covalent:
Share electrons and are between nonmetal atoms, usually form molecules, use molecular formula.
Ionic:
Are between oppositely charged atoms, don’t form molecules, described by formula unit or empirical formula
composed of a metal and a nonmetal

Question 24

Aqueous solution

Answer 24

A homogeneous mixture in which the main component is water

Question 25

Soluble

Answer 25

able to dissolve (in water)

Question 26

electrolyte soluiton

Answer 26

ionic compounds dissolved in water

Question 27

dissociation

Answer 27

Ions are pulled apart in an aqueous solution

Question 28

Acids

Answer 28

Covalent compounds that produce H+ ions in an aqueous solution
an exception to the fact that covalent compounds generally do not form ions in water. and are not electrolytes.

Question 29

Writing formulas for acids

Answer 29

Write hydrogen first, as if it were a cation

Question 30

Binary acids, and how are they named

Answer 30

Consist of H+ and a single nonmetal element.

By the prefix hydro, the root of the element, and the subfix -ic acid

Question 31

Oxyacids and naming them

Answer 31

(dissociate to form) Form H+ and oxyanions

1) -ate —> -ic acid
2) -ite —> -ous acid