Chap 4: Ethics

Question 1

What are some questionable studies that motivated the following Acts?

Answer 1

Tuskegee Syphilis Study→ study on African-american on syphilis
Milgram
Nuu-chah-nulth-> used blood without consent

Question 2

What are the three princicple of the TCPS?

Answer 2

Respect for persons
Concern for Welfare
Justice

Question 2

What are the 4 main principles of the Canadian Code of Ethics?

Answer 2

• Respect for dignity
• Responsible caring→ competence of researchers
• Integrity in relationships→ Honest, minimize deception
• Responsibility to society→ contribute to psychology

Question 3

When is consent not required?

Answer 3

• no intervention staged by the researcher, or direct interaction with the individuals
• no reasonable expectation of privacy
• not identification of specific individuals possible

Question 4

What are the three main principles of the Canadian Council for Animal Care (CCAC)?

Answer 4

• Replacement→ could you replace with alternative (AI)
• Reduction→ minimizing number of animals used
• Refinement→ modifying procedures to minimize stress

Question 5

What is the difference between fraud and plagiarism?

Answer 5

Fraud→ explicit effort to falsify or misrepresent data
Plagiarism→ present someone else’s ideas or words as your own

Question 6

What are some safeguards against fraud and plagiarism?

Answer 6

Replication
Peer review
Watchdogs

Question 7

What is the difference between disinformation, misinformation, and malinformation?

Answer 7

Disinformation→ False info deliberately created to harm a person, social group, organization or country (fake news)
Misinformation→ False info BUT not deliberately created
Malinformation→ based on real facts but deliberately manipulated to inflict harm on a person, organization or country

Question 8

What are some techniques used for disinformation?

Answer 8

• Cherry-picking→ presenting only facts that support a certain view
• Double standards→ holding evidence that supports the scientific consensus to a higher standard than the evidence that challenges it
  
  • ex: consider small amount of studies as having same weight as other studies showing the opposite
• Reliance of false experts

Question 9

What is an echo chamber?

Answer 9

groups of users who share a strong opinion and are exposed to content similar to their beliefs

Question 9

What are the psychological causes of conspiracy theories?

Answer 9

Attribution error→ people overestimate causes that arise from human motives while underestimating causes related to situation factors
Confirmation bias→ tendency to focus on evidence that fits pre-existing beliefs
Source attribution→ Users disseminate news more often from a trusted source than from a trusted fact
Spoofing→ disguising a communication from an unknown source as originating from a known, trusted source