chap. 4

Question 1

Define needs.

Answer 1

They are internal sources of pressure that push an individual to adopt a particular goal. Needs are a specific type of motive, one that is essential and necessary for a person’s well-being.

Question 2

True or false: Failing to fulfill our basic needs could result in physical or mental illness, and in extreme cases, even death.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

True or false: Physiological needs are driven by a state of deficiency

Answer 3

True; ex.; if you’re hungry, you get food.

Question 4

What are some examples of physiological needs?

Answer 4

Breathing air, eating food, drinking water, sleeping and mating.

Question 5

Nearly all physiological needs rely on the principle of ____. Offer a definition of this term.

Answer 5

Homeostasis; the body’s system to regulate and maintain a stable internal environment.
Example: when internal temperature gets too high, the body sweats in order to cool down.

Question 6

Who was one of the first psychologists to formally recognize the importance of motives beyond just physical needs with a hierarchy?

Answer 6

Abraham Maslow.

Question 7

Give an analogy relating to the importance of psychological needs, in addition to physiological needs.

Answer 7

A plant might be able to live if you give it water, but it will not thrive without additional things. It is the same for humans, they’re fine with water and food, but they need additional things such as safety, belonging, purpose, to feel accomplished, etc.

Question 8

What are the 3 criteria to be a core motive (psychological need)?

Answer 8

1) Elicit goal-oriented behaviours to satisfy the motive; this very quality makes core motives motivating.
2) Be adaptive and beneficial; should result in benefits that facilitate health and survival.
3) Be universal; it should be evident across variant languages, cultures, countries, etc.

Question 9

According to self-determination theory, what are the 3 “right reasons” for pursuing a goal? Offer an example for each.

Answer 9

Autonomy; Studying for classes
Belonging; Having a core group of friends and hanging out
Competence; Getting good grades in class

Question 10

Why, according to self-determination theory, are the ABC’s the “right reasons” for pursing a goal?

Answer 10

Because they are essential for human development and well-being.

Question 11

True or false: Not all goals are created equal.

Answer 11

True.

Question 12

True or false: According to self-determination theory, quantity matters as much or even more than quality.

Answer 12

False: It is the other way around.

Question 13

People who achieve their goals for the ___ ____ will achieve ____ outcomes than people who achieve the same goals for the ___ ____.

Answer 13

Right reasons; better; wrong reasons

Question 14

True or false: Goals anchored in the 3 core motives have a strong influence on our sense of happiness.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Imagine, a successful student with no friends – how many of the 3 core motives are they fulfilling, are they happy?

Answer 15

The student is fulfilling competence and autonomy, but not belonging. They can be happy, but not as happy as if belonging was fulfilled.

Question 16

What is a mediator?

Answer 16

It is the “in between” variable.

Question 17

What mediators come between the variables of need fulfillment and positive outcomes?

Answer 17

Intrinsic motivation
Positive outcomes being; greater task persistence, creativity, vitality, self-esteem and well-being.

Question 18

Define intrinsic motivation.

Answer 18

Performing a behaviour because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable; we don’t get anything our of these activities (like money), we just enjoy it. The behaviour is an end in itself.

Question 19

True or false: According to S-D theory, any behaviour that facilitates our sense of autonomy, competence, or belonging ignites intrinsic motivation.

Answer 19

True.

Question 20

Define extrinsic motivation.

Answer 20

Performing a behaviour for some external reason (money, fame, grades) or to avoid punishment (criticism, social rejection).

Question 21

True or false: Extrinsic motivation is associated with the goals of autonomy, competence and belonging.

Answer 21

False: Intrinsic motivation is associated with the ABC’s.
Whereas extrinsic motivation is associated with other goals, such as financial success, improving our image, boosting popularity, etc.

Question 22

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are like polar ____ on a ____.

Answer 22

Opposites; continuum.

Question 23

Define internalization. Give an example.

Answer 23

The process whereby individuals transform external social rules and requests into internal, personally endorsed values.
Example: A child may learn to ride their bike to make their parents proud, but over time they may come to internalize this sense of pride and eventually will ride their bike out of pure enjoyment.

Question 24

What does the functional autonomy of motives state in relation to the intrinsic-extrinsic continuum?

Answer 24

That the initial motivation for a behaviour may become separated from the actual behaviour over time.

Question 25

From left to right, what are the elements of the internalization continuum?

Answer 25

On the extrinsic motivation side and controlled; No motivation, External regulation, Introjected regulation.
On the autonomous, leaning to intrinsic motivation side; Identified regulation, Integrated regulation, Intrinsic regulation.

Question 26

What is external regulation in the continuum? Give an example.

Answer 26

0 personal interest in the matter; purely to achieve an external reward or satisfy an external requirement.
Ex: Volunteering for the 40 hours.

Question 27

What is Introjected regulation in the continuum? Give an example.

Answer 27

External roles are partially internalized, kind of like swallowing external rules whole without fully digesting them.
Example: Going to class to avoid feeling guilty when talking to parents about coursework.

Question 28

What is Identified regulation in the continuum? Give an example.

Answer 28

Something that aligns with your personal values and beliefs; largely internalized the external rewards and rules as their own. They believe it’s the right thing to do, smt they SHOULD do.
Ex: Students believe that hard work is an important value that they SHOULD strive for.

Question 29

What is Integrated regulation in the continuum? Give an example.

Answer 29

It’s part of who you are; the most internalized form of extrinsic motivation, it falls just short of becoming truly intrinsic. When external rewards and goals become internal so it becomes an aspect of their identity, but they don’t fully enjoy it.
Example: Defining an animal lover and animal rights which is why they volunteer at the animal shelter.

Question 30

What is intrinsic regulation in the continuum? Give an example.

Answer 30

Pure enjoyment doing a certain task; having a deep investment, passion and fulfillment in a certain behaviour.

Question 31

True or false: It is not realistic to be fully intrinsically regulated.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Coral isn’t hungry, but she eats lunch with her friends anyway so they can all spend time together. This example demonstrates that hunger is NOT always a ___ need.

Answer 32

Physiological

Question 33

___ ___ should motivate a wide range of behaviours and should operate in a wide range of settings.

Answer 33

Core motives

Question 34

Tim’s family moves around frequently because his parents are in the military, so Tim has attended many different schools in different countries. Tim has noticed that regardless of where a school is located, the students have some similar behaviours. They all seem to want to belong - to clubs, sports’ teams, or other demonstrates which of the criteria for core motives?

Answer 34

Core motives should be universal.

Question 35

Internal sources of pressure that push an individual to adopt a particular goal are identified as…

Answer 35

Needs