chap. 4 Flashcards
Define needs.
They are internal sources of pressure that push an individual to adopt a particular goal. Needs are a specific type of motive, one that is essential and necessary for a person’s well-being.
True or false: Failing to fulfill our basic needs could result in physical or mental illness, and in extreme cases, even death.
True
True or false: Physiological needs are driven by a state of deficiency
True; ex.; if you’re hungry, you get food.
What are some examples of physiological needs?
Breathing air, eating food, drinking water, sleeping and mating.
Nearly all physiological needs rely on the principle of ____. Offer a definition of this term.
Homeostasis; the body’s system to regulate and maintain a stable internal environment.
Example: when internal temperature gets too high, the body sweats in order to cool down.
Who was one of the first psychologists to formally recognize the importance of motives beyond just physical needs with a hierarchy?
Abraham Maslow.
Give an analogy relating to the importance of psychological needs, in addition to physiological needs.
A plant might be able to live if you give it water, but it will not thrive without additional things. It is the same for humans, they’re fine with water and food, but they need additional things such as safety, belonging, purpose, to feel accomplished, etc.
What are the 3 criteria to be a core motive (psychological need)?
1) Elicit goal-oriented behaviours to satisfy the motive; this very quality makes core motives motivating.
2) Be adaptive and beneficial; should result in benefits that facilitate health and survival.
3) Be universal; it should be evident across variant languages, cultures, countries, etc.
According to self-determination theory, what are the 3 “right reasons” for pursuing a goal? Offer an example for each.
Autonomy; Studying for classes
Belonging; Having a core group of friends and hanging out
Competence; Getting good grades in class
Why, according to self-determination theory, are the ABC’s the “right reasons” for pursing a goal?
Because they are essential for human development and well-being.
True or false: Not all goals are created equal.
True.
True or false: According to self-determination theory, quantity matters as much or even more than quality.
False: It is the other way around.
People who achieve their goals for the ___ ____ will achieve ____ outcomes than people who achieve the same goals for the ___ ____.
Right reasons; better; wrong reasons
True or false: Goals anchored in the 3 core motives have a strong influence on our sense of happiness.
True
Imagine, a successful student with no friends – how many of the 3 core motives are they fulfilling, are they happy?
The student is fulfilling competence and autonomy, but not belonging. They can be happy, but not as happy as if belonging was fulfilled.
What is a mediator?
It is the “in between” variable.
What mediators come between the variables of need fulfillment and positive outcomes?
Intrinsic motivation
Positive outcomes being; greater task persistence, creativity, vitality, self-esteem and well-being.
Define intrinsic motivation.
Performing a behaviour because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable; we don’t get anything our of these activities (like money), we just enjoy it. The behaviour is an end in itself.
True or false: According to S-D theory, any behaviour that facilitates our sense of autonomy, competence, or belonging ignites intrinsic motivation.
True.
Define extrinsic motivation.
Performing a behaviour for some external reason (money, fame, grades) or to avoid punishment (criticism, social rejection).
True or false: Extrinsic motivation is associated with the goals of autonomy, competence and belonging.
False: Intrinsic motivation is associated with the ABC’s.
Whereas extrinsic motivation is associated with other goals, such as financial success, improving our image, boosting popularity, etc.
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are like polar ____ on a ____.
Opposites; continuum.
Define internalization. Give an example.
The process whereby individuals transform external social rules and requests into internal, personally endorsed values.
Example: A child may learn to ride their bike to make their parents proud, but over time they may come to internalize this sense of pride and eventually will ride their bike out of pure enjoyment.
What does the functional autonomy of motives state in relation to the intrinsic-extrinsic continuum?
That the initial motivation for a behaviour may become separated from the actual behaviour over time.
