chap 39 Flashcards
oxygen safety guidelines
- O2 is a medication
- signs “oxygen in use” are posted
- at least 10 ft from open flames
- support combustion
- avoid using items that create a spark
- check O2 level of portable tanks before transporting a pt
ventilation
process of moving gases in and out of lungs
perfusion
ability of cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
diffusion
exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
work of breathing
effort required to expand and contract the lungs
surfacant
chemical produced in lungs to maintain surface tension of alveoli and keep them from collapsing
atelectasis
collapse of alveoli that prevents the normal exchange of O2 and carbon dioxide
oxygen transport involves
lungs and cardiovascular system
what carries O2 and CO2
hemoglobin
when does carbon dioxide transport take place
in expiration
what affects the rate of diffusion
thickness of alveolar capillary membrane
physiological factors affecting oxygenation
- decreased O2 carrying capacity
- hypovolemia
- decreased inspired O2 concentration
- increased metabolic rate
conditions affecting chest wall movement
- pregnancy
- obesity
- neuromuscular disease
- musculoskeletal abnormalities
- trauma
- CNS alterations
hypovolemia
decreased ventilation
hyperventilation
ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism
causes of hyperventilation
anxiety, fever, etc.
hypovenilation
alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s O2 demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide
hypoxia
inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level
cyanosis
blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
S/S associated with hypoxia
- dyspnea
- use of accessory muscles of respiration
- cardiac disrhythmias
- pallor, cyanosis
- increased fatigue
- dizziness
- clubbing of nails
what develops if hypoxia is not treated
hypotension
lifestyle risk factors
- smoking
- substance abuse
- stress
smoking
- associated w/ heart disease, COPD, lung cancer
- risk of lung cancer is 10 times greater for a smoker
substance abuse
excessive use of alcohol and other drugs impairs tissue oxygenation
stress
continuous state of stress or severe anxiety increases metabolic rate and oxygen demand for body
health promotion
- vaccinations
- healthy lifestyle
- environmental pollutants
maintenance/promotion of lung expansion
- ambulation
- positioning
- coughing
positioning
reduces pulmonary stasis, maintains ventilation and oxygenation
coughing
helps to clear airway and encourages deep breathing
dyspnea management
- hydration & supplemental O2
- encourage coughing & deep breathing, incentive spirometry
- keep HOB elevated
airway maintenance
- humidification
- chest physiotherapy
- keep HOB elevated
mobilization of pulmonary secretions
- hydration & nebulization
- chest physiotherapy
- keep HOB elevated
tachypnea
more than 20 bpm
bradypnea
less than 10 bpm
apnea
cessation of breathing
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
orthopnea
difficulty breathing when lying
clubbing of nails may be related to
prolonged hypoxia
nasal cannula
- 1-6 L/min
- 22-44%
simple face mask
- 6-12 L/min
- 35-50%
partial/non rebreather mask
- 10-15 L/min
- 60-90%
venturi mask
24-50%
oxygen conserving cannula
- 8 L/min
- up to 30-50%
