CHAP 3 - Inclusion and Identity

Question 1

A theory of Marilyn Brewer that suggests that most people probably have at least three fundamental needs: the need to be assimilated by the group, the need to be connected to friends and loved ones, and the need for autonomy and differentiation.

Answer 1

Optimal distinctiveness

Question 2

involves fighting back against the exclusion or escaping the situation

Answer 2

fight-or-flight response

Question 3

The perceptual classification of people, including the self, into categories

Answer 3

Social categorization

Question 4

The dispositional tendency to seek out
and join with other humans.

Answer 4

The need to belong

Question 5

Excluding a person or group of
people from a group

Answer 5

Ostracism

Question 7

Accepting the group as an extension of the self, and therefore basing one’s self-definition on the group’s qualities and characteristic

Answer 7

Social identification

Question 8

Individuals often exaggerate differences between their group and others

Answer 8

Protecting the collective self

Question 9

It recommends that all group members, irrespective of their inputs, should be given an equal share of the payoff.

Answer 9

Equality norm

Question 10

The anxiety-provoking belief that others’ perceptions and evaluations will be influenced by their negative stereotypes about one’s group which can, in some cases, interfere with one’s ability to perform up to one’s capabilities.

Answer 10

Stereotype threat

Question 11

A theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify with
the group.

Answer 11

Social Identity theory

Question 12

Rather than fighting or fleeing the group, they nurture, protect, and support others

Answer 12

tend and-befriend response

Question 13

(or collective self ) The “we” component of the self-concept that includes all those qualities attendant to relationships with other people, groups, and society

Answer 13

Social identity

Question 14

It recognizes that human groups are not mere aggregations of independent individuals, but complex sets of
INTERDEPENDENT ACTORS who must constantly adjust to the actions and reactions of others around them.

Answer 14

Collectivism

Question 15

Prolonged periods of social isolation are
often found disturbing by most people,
regardless of age.

Answer 15

The pain of exclusion

Question 16

Individualists monitor group inputs, maximize rewards, and may be dissatisfied if too costly. They expect rewards in________ for personal resources

Answer 16

exchange

Question 17

The “me” component of the self-concept that derives from INDIVIDUALISTIC qualities such as traits, beliefs, and skills.

Answer 17

Personal identity

Question 18

This perspective assumes that people are AUTONOMOUS and must be free to act and think in ways that they prefer, rather
than submit to the demands of the group.

Answer 18

Individualism

Question 19

influenced by the relative size of one’s group. People in groups with fewer members, such as minority groups based on ethnicity, race, or religion, tend to categorize themselves as members more quickly than do those people who are members of the larger, dominant, majority group

Answer 19

Self-categorization

Question 20

It recommends that group members should receive outcomes in proportion to their inputs.

Answer 20

Equity norm

Question 21

online members also sometimes ignore others, effectively excluding them from the interaction

Answer 21

Cyberostracism

Question 22

A conceptual analysis of self-esteem proposed by Mark Leary

Answer 22

Sociometer Theory

Question 23

a scale that asks people to indicate their willingness to engage in attention-getting behaviors, such as self-disclosure and nonconformity

Answer 23

Individual scale

Question 24

This tendency is influenced by their identification with their group and their recognition of themselves and others.

Answer 24

Ingroup - outgroup bias

Question 25

Emphasizing the GROUP’S needs, perspectives, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of individual members or oneself (SOCIOCENTRIC).

Answer 25

Group serving

Question 26

It is where individuals prioritize group
success over personal outcomes, often helping others more and viewing work as a joint effort, often feeling disappointed when others demand reciprocation.

Answer 26

Communal relations

Question 27

Emphasizing ONE’S OWN needs, perspective, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of other individuals or the group (EGOCENTRIC).

Answer 27

Self-serving

Question 28

A research procedure developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in their studies of intergroup conflict that involved creating temporary groups of anonymous, unrelated people.

Answer 28

Minimal intergroup situation

Question 29

A person’s overall assessment of that portion of their self-concept that is based on their relationships with others and membership in social groups.

Answer 29

Collective self esteem

Question 30

(or stereotypes) a socially shared set of cognitive generalizations (e.g., beliefs, expectations) about the qualities and characteristics of the typical member of a particular group or social category.

Answer 30

Prototypes

Question 31

AKA allocentrics, they put their groups’ goals and needs above their own. They are respectful of other members of their groups, and they value their memberships in groups, their friendships, and traditions.

Answer 31

Interdependence

Question 32

The idea that humans are instinctively drawn to gather with other humans

Answer 32

Herd instinct

Question 33

it uses Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to explain why contemporary humans act, feel, and think the way they do.

Answer 33

Evolutionary psychology

Question 34

Michael Hogg (2005) posits that social categorization and identification processes SHAPE one’s sense of self. Individuals are motivated to think well of themselves, maintaining self-worth by thinking well of their groups.

Answer 34

Evaluating the self

Question 35

As described by Jean Jacques Rousseau, it is an AGREEMENT, often only implicitly recognized, that OBLIGATES the individual to support the “general will” of society as an “indivisible part of the whole.”

Answer 35

Social contract

Question 36

Research suggests that in some cases, identification with a group is so great that across situations people think of themselves as group members first and individual’s second, and, within their self concept, their personal idiosyncratic qualities are far outnumbered by their group-level qualities

Answer 36

Self and identity

Question 37

AKA idiocentrics are EMOTIONALLY DETACHED from their groups; they put their own personal goals above the goals of the group. They value equality, social justice, and SELF-RELIANCE

Answer 37

Independents

Question 38

People protect their collective self-esteem just as they protect their personal self-esteem

Answer 38

Protecting the personal self