CHAP 3 - Inclusion and Identity Flashcards
A theory of Marilyn Brewer that suggests that most people probably have at least three fundamental needs: the need to be assimilated by the group, the need to be connected to friends and loved ones, and the need for autonomy and differentiation.
Optimal distinctiveness
involves fighting back against the exclusion or escaping the situation
fight-or-flight response
The perceptual classification of people, including the self, into categories
Social categorization
The dispositional tendency to seek out
and join with other humans.
The need to belong
Excluding a person or group of
people from a group
Ostracism
Accepting the group as an extension of the self, and therefore basing one’s self-definition on the group’s qualities and characteristic
Social identification
Individuals often exaggerate differences between their group and others
Protecting the collective self
It recommends that all group members, irrespective of their inputs, should be given an equal share of the payoff.
Equality norm
The anxiety-provoking belief that others’ perceptions and evaluations will be influenced by their negative stereotypes about one’s group which can, in some cases, interfere with one’s ability to perform up to one’s capabilities.
Stereotype threat
A theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify with
the group.
Social Identity theory
Rather than fighting or fleeing the group, they nurture, protect, and support others
tend and-befriend response
(or collective self ) The “we” component of the self-concept that includes all those qualities attendant to relationships with other people, groups, and society
Social identity
It recognizes that human groups are not mere aggregations of independent individuals, but complex sets of
INTERDEPENDENT ACTORS who must constantly adjust to the actions and reactions of others around them.
Collectivism
Prolonged periods of social isolation are
often found disturbing by most people,
regardless of age.
The pain of exclusion
Individualists monitor group inputs, maximize rewards, and may be dissatisfied if too costly. They expect rewards in________ for personal resources
exchange
The “me” component of the self-concept that derives from INDIVIDUALISTIC qualities such as traits, beliefs, and skills.
Personal identity
This perspective assumes that people are AUTONOMOUS and must be free to act and think in ways that they prefer, rather
than submit to the demands of the group.
Individualism
influenced by the relative size of one’s group. People in groups with fewer members, such as minority groups based on ethnicity, race, or religion, tend to categorize themselves as members more quickly than do those people who are members of the larger, dominant, majority group
Self-categorization
It recommends that group members should receive outcomes in proportion to their inputs.
Equity norm
online members also sometimes ignore others, effectively excluding them from the interaction
Cyberostracism
A conceptual analysis of self-esteem proposed by Mark Leary
Sociometer Theory
a scale that asks people to indicate their willingness to engage in attention-getting behaviors, such as self-disclosure and nonconformity
Individual scale
This tendency is influenced by their identification with their group and their recognition of themselves and others.
Ingroup - outgroup bias
Emphasizing the GROUP’S needs, perspectives, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of individual members or oneself (SOCIOCENTRIC).
Group serving
It is where individuals prioritize group
success over personal outcomes, often helping others more and viewing work as a joint effort, often feeling disappointed when others demand reciprocation.
Communal relations
Emphasizing ONE’S OWN needs, perspective, and importance, particularly in contrast to those of other individuals or the group (EGOCENTRIC).
Self-serving
A research procedure developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in their studies of intergroup conflict that involved creating temporary groups of anonymous, unrelated people.
Minimal intergroup situation
A person’s overall assessment of that portion of their self-concept that is based on their relationships with others and membership in social groups.
Collective self esteem
(or stereotypes) a socially shared set of cognitive generalizations (e.g., beliefs, expectations) about the qualities and characteristics of the typical member of a particular group or social category.
Prototypes
AKA allocentrics, they put their groups’ goals and needs above their own. They are respectful of other members of their groups, and they value their memberships in groups, their friendships, and traditions.
Interdependence
The idea that humans are instinctively drawn to gather with other humans
Herd instinct
it uses Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to explain why contemporary humans act, feel, and think the way they do.
Evolutionary psychology
Michael Hogg (2005) posits that social categorization and identification processes SHAPE one’s sense of self. Individuals are motivated to think well of themselves, maintaining self-worth by thinking well of their groups.
Evaluating the self
As described by Jean Jacques Rousseau, it is an AGREEMENT, often only implicitly recognized, that OBLIGATES the individual to support the “general will” of society as an “indivisible part of the whole.”
Social contract
Research suggests that in some cases, identification with a group is so great that across situations people think of themselves as group members first and individual’s second, and, within their self concept, their personal idiosyncratic qualities are far outnumbered by their group-level qualities
Self and identity
AKA idiocentrics are EMOTIONALLY DETACHED from their groups; they put their own personal goals above the goals of the group. They value equality, social justice, and SELF-RELIANCE
Independents
People protect their collective self-esteem just as they protect their personal self-esteem
Protecting the personal self
