Chap 2: Neuro Science Flashcards
The part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body
Dendrite
Cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing task.
Neurons
The part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive.
Cell body
The part of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands
Axon
An insulating layer of fatty materials.
Myelin sheath
Support cells found in the nervous system.
Glial cells
How many cells are in a person’a brain ?
100 billion cells
The junction btw the axon of one neuron and the den tribes or cell body of another.
Synapse
(Major three types of neuron )
Receives information from external world and convey this info to the brain via special cord
Sensory neurons
Ex touch sound taste smell
(Three types of neuron )
Carrying signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement.
Motor neurons
Loopoong spinal neuron !!
(There types of neuron)
Connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons.
Interneurons
Doing sole tasks, complexed tasks
Assemble of dendrites
Interneurons
Pass into the cell parts of brain.
The purkinje cell of cerebellum
Single long dendrite among many smaller dendrites.
In the cortex
Hippocampal pyramidal cell
Sensory neuron
Found in retinas of the eyes
Single axon and a single dendrite
In the eye
Bipolar cells
The difference in electric change btw the inside and outside if a neurons’ sell membrane.
- 70 millivolt (when electricity is ceased)
- 52 millivolt (when electricity is activated.)
Resting potential
An electric signal that is conducted along a neurons’ axon to a synapse.
Action potential
The time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.
Refractory period
Knoblike structures that branch out from an axon.
Terminal buttons
Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neurons’ dendrites
Neurotransmitters
Cell membrane that receive the neuro transmitter
Receptors
How can be the Neurotransmitters stopped relaying to ?
Two ways
1: reuptake occurs
2: they are destroyed by enzymes I. The synapse (enzyme deactivation
)
(Types of Neurotransmitters)
Involved in a number of function, including voluntary motor control.
Found in heart
If people lucked, a petal may have severe memory impairments.
Acetylcholine
To regulate motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal.
Large amount of dopamine: schizophrenia
Low amount: parkinson
Dopamine
A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in information transmission throughout the brain
Too much glutamate: overstimulation the brain , causing seizures(hossa). over active.
Glutamate
The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Stopping the firing neuron.
Too little GABA cause overactive.
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
A neurotransmitter that influences mood and arousal.
Vigilance(警戒)
Norepinephrine
Involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior.
Serotonin
Chemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain.
Endurance
Runners’ high
Endorphins
Drugs increasing the action of Neurotransmitters
Agonist
Drugs increase the production of neurotransmitters
L-dopa
Drugs increase the release of Neurotransmitters
Amphetamine
Drug bind to autoreceptors and block their inhibitory effect
Clonidine (for high blood pressure)
Drugs bind to postsynaptic receptors and activate then or increase the neurotransmitter effect
Nicotine
Drugs that block the function of neurotransmitter
Antagonist
Drugs block the production of Neurotransmitters
AMPT
Drugs cause depletion of Neurotransmitters in vesicles
Reserpine
Drugs block the release of Neurotransmitters
Botulinum toxin
Drugs activate auto receptors so that they inhibit release of Neurotransmitters
Caffeine
Drugs bind to postsynaptic receptors and block neurotransmitter binding
Propranolol(beta-blocker)
Haldol (antipsychotic drug)
A interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body
Nervous system
The part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system (CNS)
The part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system y the body’s organs and muscles
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A drug to reduce the ability to recognize the expression if fear
Cocaine
A drug blocking serotonin and making them stay longer in synapse
For patient suffering from clinical depression
Prozac
To obstruct a receptor site.
Heart rate slowdown
Propranalol
A set of nerves that information into and out of the central nervous system.
Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
Somatic nervous system
Australia set is nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands.
Automatic nerves system(ANS)
A set of nerves that prepares the body for action in threatening situation.
(Arousing)
Sympathetic nervous system
A set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state.
(Calming )
Parasympathetic nervous system
Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contraction.
spinal reflex
The nervous system which is composed of the spinal cord and the brain.
The central nervous system
What is the major divisions of the brain ? (three parts)
Forebrain,Midbrain, Hindbrain
An area of the brain that coordinate information coming into and out of the spinal cord.
Ex: alterness, motor
hindbrain
(Four function of the hindbrain )
Extension of the spinal cord.
Ex: heart rate, circulation, respiration
Medulla
首の方に伸びる長いやつの、二番目のコブ
(Four function of the hindbrain)
To regulate sleep, wakefulness, and level of arousal
Reticular formation
首に伸びるやつの、芯のとこ
(Four function of the hindbrain )
To control fine motor skills. Orchestrate the proper sequence movements when we ride a bike.
Cerebellum
小脳
(Four function of the hindbrain )
A structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain.
Bridge
Pons
(Two function of the midbrain )
Involved in movement and arousal.
Helping to orient an organism toward sensory stimuli.
Tegmentum
ひらぺったいほう
(Two function of the midbrain )
Orienting an organism in the environment.
Receiving stimuli from the eyes, ears and skin.
静かな部屋で時計の音が気になるやつ
Tectum
ぶどうみたいの
(Seven functions of the forebrain)
The outermost layer of the brain , visible to the naked eye, and divided into two hemispheres.
Cerebral cortex
表面
Areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very corner of the brain.
Subcortical structures
脳のめちゃ中心
丸いツヤツヤしたやつとかのやつ
(Five functions Of Subcortical structures)
A function which relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex.
Receives input all the major sense expect smell.
Thalamus
寝てるとき情報が入るのを遮断する
(Five functions Of Subcortical structure )
Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst and sexual behavior.
Hypothalamus
裏にあるやつ
(Five functions Of Subcortical structure )
The “master gland” if the body!s hormone-producing system, hunch release hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body.
Pituitary gland
Part a group of forebrain structures including the hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the hippocampus which are involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory.
Lambic system
Critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in order parts if the cerebral cortex.
Hippocampus
Imomushi
Plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories.
Especially fear
Amygdala
Armando
(Subcortical area )
A set of Subcortical structures that directs intentional movement.
Basal ganglia
(Cerebral cortex)
To connect large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemisphere.
Corpus callosum
(Cerebral cortex)
Process visual information
On the back of cerebral cortex
Occipital lobe
(Cerebral cortex)
Processing information about touch
Middle of cerebral cortex
Parietal lobe
Responsible for hearing and language.
Ears, a speech and words.
Temporal lobe
Side of cerebral cortex
(Cerebral cortex)
Specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment.
Including motor cortex
Thinking, imagining, planning and anticipating.
Frontal lobe I
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex.
Association areas
Standards if DNA would around each other in a double-helix configuration
Chromosome
A measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors
Heritability
The unit of hereditary transmission
Gene
Strand of DNA would around each other in double-helix configuration
Chromosomes
A measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors
Heritability
A device used to record electrical activity in the brain
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
A scanner rotates a device around a person’s head and takes a series of X-ray photograph
CT scan
A scanner using powerful magnetic pulse and recording how the pulse is absorbed in the brain.
MRI
A scanner using no hurtful radiation and injecting into the blood, and seeing the flow.
PET
Three points of fMRI
1: fMRI does not require any exposure to radiation.
2: fMRI dan localize changes in brain activity across briefer periods than PET
The perceptual experience of one sense that is evoked by another sense.
synesthesia
Nachan
Simple stimulation of a sense organ
Light m, sound , smell etc
Sensation
The organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation I order to form a mental representation
Perception
What takes place when many sensors I the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system m.
Transduction
Methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer’s sensitivity to that stimulus.
Phychophysics
The minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus
Absolute threshold
The minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected
Just noticeable difference (JND)
The just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion dispute variations in intensity
Weber’s law
Weight is about 2-3%
An observation that the response to a stimulus depends both on a person’a sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person’s response criterion
Signal detection theory
Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions.
音になれる、光になれる
Sensory adaptation
