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chemistry > chap 2, form 5 > Flashcards

chap 2, form 5 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of carbon compound

A

a compound that consists of carbon atom as their constituent element

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2
Q

definition, sources of organic compound

A

originating from living things

living things, decomposed organism

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3
Q

definition, sources of inorganic compound

A

originating from non living things

minerals in the soil

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4
Q

give 4 examples of organic compound

A

fats: coconut oil
protein: mil
carbohydrate
petroleum

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5
Q

organic compounds are divided into 2. name them

A

hydrocarbon

non hydrocarbon

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6
Q

hydrocarbon are divided into 2. name them

A

saturated

unsaturated

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7
Q

what are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

contain only single bonds between carbon atoms

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8
Q

what are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

contain at least one double/triple bond between carbon atoms

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9
Q

what is the source of hydrocarbon

A

petroleum/crude oil

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10
Q

what are the 2 stages in oil refining

A

fractional distillation

cracking

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11
Q

definition of fractional distillation

A

fractions of hydrocarbon in petroleum are separated at different temp according to size of hydrocarbons

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12
Q

at the top of fractionating column, what is the boiling point, when does it vaporise, colour, combustibility and viscosity?

A 
low boiling point
vaporise first
then rise up and condense
bright colour
highly combustible
less viscous
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13
Q

at the bottom of fractionating column, what is the boiling point, colour, combustibility and viscosity?

A 
high boiling
collected and condense into liquid
dark colour
low combustibility 
more viscous
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14
Q

arrangement of fractional distillation

A

NeverParkNearKlccDuringLunchFreehoursand Breaktime

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15
Q

never, and its use

A

natural gas/petroleum gas

cooking gas

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16
Q

park, and its use

A

petrol

fuel for motor vehicles

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17
Q

near, and its use

A

naptha

raw material for petrochemical industry

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18
Q

klcc, and its use

A

kerosene

fuel for aircrafts

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19
Q

during, and its use

A

diesel oil

fuel for heavy vehicles like buses, lorries

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20
Q

lunch, and its use

A

lubricating oil

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21
Q

freehours, and its use

A

fuel oil

fuel for ships, power stations

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22
Q

andbreaktime, and its use

A

bitumen

road pavement

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23
Q

definition of cracking

A

process of breaking long chain hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons

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24
Q

catalyst for cracking

A

mixture of aluminium oxide and silicon(IV) oxide

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25
Q

why is the demand for smaller hydrocarbons higher?

A

it combusts easily and used as fuel

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26
Q

3 alternative source of hydrocarbons

A

biomass
biogas
biodiesel

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27
Q

definition of homologous series

A

classification of organic compound

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28
Q

there is only 1 example of saturated hydrocarbon. name it

A

alkane

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29
Q

there are 2 unsaturated hydrocarbon. name it

A

alkene and alkyne

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30
Q

root name for carbon atom. name until 10

A

meth-eth-prop-but-pent-hex-hept-oct-non-dec

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31
Q

GF for alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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32
Q

GF for alkene

A

CnH2n

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33
Q

GF for alkyne

A

CnH2n-2

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34
Q

GF for alcohol

A

CnH2n+1OH

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35
Q

GF for carboxylic acid

A

CnH2n+1COOH

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36
Q

GF for ester

A

CmH2m+1COOCnH2n+1

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37
Q

FG for alkane

A

single bond

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38
Q

FG for alkene

A

double bond

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39
Q

FG for alkyne

A

triple bond

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40
Q

FG for alcohol

A

OH

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41
Q

FG for carboxylic acid

A

COOH

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42
Q

FG for ester

A

carboxylate,

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43
Q

chemical formula for ester, what comes first?

A

carboxylic acid

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44
Q

name for ester, what comes first?

A

alcohol

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45
Q

2 types of structural isomerism are?

A

chain isomerism

position isomerism

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46
Q

2 types of chain isomerism

A

straight chain or branched chain

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47
Q

position isomerism

A

different position of FG

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48
Q

for alkane only movement of ___

A

side chain

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49
Q

in 2-methylbutane, 2 is referring to

A

the no of carbon atom the methyl group is attached to

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50
Q

2,2 dimethyl propane, what does 2,2 mean

A

both of the methyl group is attached to carbon no 2

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51
Q

for alkene it can move ____ and ____

A

functional group

side chain

52
Q

Pent-2-ene, 2 means that?

A

the double bond is attached to carbon no 2

53
Q

for alcohol it can move ____ and ____

A

functional group

side chain

54
Q

the FG has to be given the _____ of carbon position

A

smallest number

55
Q

the methyl is given a _____ of carbon position

A

higher number

56
Q

are alkanes and alkenes soluble in water?

A

no

57
Q

are alkanes and alkenes soluble in organic solvent?

A

yes

58
Q

why are alkanes and alkenes not soluble in water?

A

covalent compound. no free moving ions

59
Q

density of alkane and alkene

A

less dense tha water

60
Q

what are the 2 reactions of alkane?

A

combustion

substitution

61
Q

in combustion what are the 2 products released?

A

CO2 and H2O

62
Q

____ carbon atoms, more soot produced

A

more

63
Q

combustion requires ____ to occur

A

O2

64
Q

incomplete combustion produces 3 things. name it

A

carbon/soot, CO and water

65
Q

specific name for substitution

A

chlorination or bromination

66
Q

during substitution reaction the alkane is ____ by a ____

A

substituted

chlorine atom

67
Q

during substitution reaction what else is produced other than the chloromethane compound?

A

Hydrogen chloride

68
Q

substitution reaction needs presence of ___ to break covalent bonds

A

sunlight or UV light

69
Q

what are the 7 reactions of alkene?

A 
combustion
5 addition reaction:
halogenation
hydration 
hydrogenation
oxidation
hydrogen halide

addition polymerisation

70
Q

why does alkene have addition reactions?

A

it has a double bond

71
Q

what happens to hydrogen atom in halogenation ?

A

it gets substituted by a halogen atom

72
Q

catalyst for halogenation

A

room conditions

73
Q

observation for halogenation

A

brown colour of bromine turns colourless

74
Q

what happens to hydrogen atom in hydration?

A

it gets substituted by hydroxyl group

75
Q

3 catalyst for hydration

A

300 C, 60 atm, H3PO4

76
Q

observation for hydration

A

as no of C increase, boiling point increase

77
Q

in hydration of alkene it produces

A

alcohol

78
Q

in halogenation of alkane it produces

A

alkane

79
Q

in hydrogenation of alkane it produces

A

alkane

80
Q

during hydrogenation, the hydrogen atom will ___ into ____

A

insert

alkene

81
Q

2 catalyst for hydrogenation

A

180 C, Ni/Pt

82
Q

oxidation of alkene produces

A

alcohol

83
Q

alkene + H - OH + [O] is what reaction?

A

oxidation

84
Q

2 catalyst for oxidation

A

KMNO4 and H+ ion

85
Q

2 observation for oxidation

A

purple colour of KMNO4 solution decolourised

2 hydroxyl groups added to double bond

86
Q

catalyst for hydrogen halide

A

room condition, 25 C

87
Q

2 catalyst for polymerisation

A

200 C, 1200 atm

88
Q

in combustion of alkane and alkene, compare sooty flame

A

alkane: less sooty
alkene: sootier flame

89
Q

compare percentage of carbon between alkane and alkene

A

alkane: lower
alkene: higher

90
Q

only alkenes will show reaction with Br and KMNO4 because

A

it has double bond

91
Q

2 ways in preparing alcohol

A

hydration of alkene

fermentation of glucose

92
Q

fermentation of glucose only applies to

A

ethanol

93
Q

definition of fermentation

A

chemical process in which yeast acts on carbohydrates to produce ethanol and CO2

94
Q

what is catalyst for fermentation

A

zymase

95
Q

what is eq for fermentation

A

C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

96
Q

what is the chemical eq , observation for reaction in limewater during fermentation?

A

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 –> CaCO3 + H2O

clear limewater turns cloudy

97
Q

impure ethanol is purified by

A

fractional distillation

98
Q

during fractional distillation, this specific apparatus is present

A

fractionating column

99
Q

use of fractionating column

A

separate water from ethanol

100
Q

use of Liebig condenser

A

cool the ethanol vapour to condense pure ethanol

101
Q

the water in Liebig condenser function

A

allow complete condensation of ethanol vapour

102
Q

what happens if condensation of ethanol vapour doesn’t happen?

A

the ethanol will be released as gas

103
Q

boiling point of ethanol

A

78 C

104
Q

3 reactions of alcohol

A

combustion
oxidation by KMNO4/ K2Cr2O7
dehydration

105
Q

during combustion of alcohol what flame is produced?

A

blue flame without soot

106
Q

chemical eq for oxidation of alcohol

A

alcohol + 2[O] –> carboxylic acid + H2O

107
Q

observation using K2Cr2O7 during oxidation of alcohol

A

orange colours of K2Cr2O7 turns green indicating Cr2+ ion present

108
Q

oxidation of alcohol produces

A

carboxylic acids

109
Q

why is reflux technique used in oxidation of alcohol

A

prevent alcohol vapour escape to surrounding

110
Q

KMNO4/ K2Cr2O7 in oxidation of alcohol act as

A

oxidising agents

111
Q

chemical eq for dehydration of alcohol eg butanol

A

C4H9OH –> C4H8 + H2O

112
Q

2 catalyst for dehydration of alcohol

A

heat
porcelain chips /Al2O3
/concentrated H2SO4

113
Q

in dehydration of alcohol, water removed in form ____

A

of vapour

114
Q

in dehydration of alcohol, flame burns with

A

yellow sooty flame

115
Q

temperature in dehydration of alcohol, using concentrated H2SO4

A

170 C

116
Q

in dehydration of alcohol, what gas produced?

A

ethene

117
Q

2 reactions of carboxylic acids

A

acid reactions (3)
(reactive metal/metal carbonate/base)
with alcohol/esterification

118
Q

esterification chemical eq

A

carboxylic acids + alcohol –> ester + H2O

119
Q

catalyst for esterification

A

concentrated H2SO4

120
Q

density of esters

A

less dense than water

121
Q

pH of ester

A

pH 7

122
Q

smell of esters

A

sweet, fruity

123
Q

esters are insoluble in water because

A

covalent compound

124
Q

at 25 C esters are

A

colourless liquids

125
Q

if exposed for too long at 25 C esters

A

vaporises

chemistry (8 decks)

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