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chemistry > chap 2, form 5 > Flashcards

chap 2, form 5 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of carbon compound

A

a compound that consists of carbon atom as their constituent element

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2
Q

definition, sources of organic compound

A

originating from living things

living things, decomposed organism

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3
Q

definition, sources of inorganic compound

A

originating from non living things

minerals in the soil

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4
Q

give 4 examples of organic compound

A

fats: coconut oil
protein: mil
carbohydrate
petroleum

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5
Q

organic compounds are divided into 2. name them

A

hydrocarbon

non hydrocarbon

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6
Q

hydrocarbon are divided into 2. name them

A

saturated

unsaturated

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7
Q

what are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

contain only single bonds between carbon atoms

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8
Q

what are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

contain at least one double/triple bond between carbon atoms

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9
Q

what is the source of hydrocarbon

A

petroleum/crude oil

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10
Q

what are the 2 stages in oil refining

A

fractional distillation

cracking

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11
Q

definition of fractional distillation

A

fractions of hydrocarbon in petroleum are separated at different temp according to size of hydrocarbons

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12
Q

at the top of fractionating column, what is the boiling point, when does it vaporise, colour, combustibility and viscosity?

A 
low boiling point
vaporise first
then rise up and condense
bright colour
highly combustible
less viscous
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13
Q

at the bottom of fractionating column, what is the boiling point, colour, combustibility and viscosity?

A 
high boiling
collected and condense into liquid
dark colour
low combustibility 
more viscous
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14
Q

arrangement of fractional distillation

A

NeverParkNearKlccDuringLunchFreehoursand Breaktime

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15
Q

never, and its use

A

natural gas/petroleum gas

cooking gas

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16
Q

park, and its use

A

petrol

fuel for motor vehicles

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17
Q

near, and its use

A

naptha

raw material for petrochemical industry

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18
Q

klcc, and its use

A

kerosene

fuel for aircrafts

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19
Q

during, and its use

A

diesel oil

fuel for heavy vehicles like buses, lorries

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20
Q

lunch, and its use

A

lubricating oil

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21
Q

freehours, and its use

A

fuel oil

fuel for ships, power stations

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22
Q

andbreaktime, and its use

A

bitumen

road pavement

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23
Q

definition of cracking

A

process of breaking long chain hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons

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24
Q

catalyst for cracking

A

mixture of aluminium oxide and silicon(IV) oxide

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25
why is the demand for smaller hydrocarbons higher?
it combusts easily and used as fuel
26
3 alternative source of hydrocarbons
biomass biogas biodiesel
27
definition of homologous series
classification of organic compound
28
there is only 1 example of saturated hydrocarbon. name it
alkane
29
there are 2 unsaturated hydrocarbon. name it
alkene and alkyne
30
root name for carbon atom. name until 10
meth-eth-prop-but-pent-hex-hept-oct-non-dec
31
GF for alkane
CnH2n+2
32
GF for alkene
CnH2n
33
GF for alkyne
CnH2n-2
34
GF for alcohol
CnH2n+1OH
35
GF for carboxylic acid
CnH2n+1COOH
36
GF for ester
CmH2m+1COOCnH2n+1
37
FG for alkane
single bond
38
FG for alkene
double bond
39
FG for alkyne
triple bond
40
FG for alcohol
OH
41
FG for carboxylic acid
COOH
42
FG for ester
carboxylate,
43
chemical formula for ester, what comes first?
carboxylic acid
44
name for ester, what comes first?
alcohol
45
2 types of structural isomerism are?
chain isomerism | position isomerism
46
2 types of chain isomerism
straight chain or branched chain
47
position isomerism
different position of FG
48
for alkane only movement of ___
side chain
49
in 2-methylbutane, 2 is referring to
the no of carbon atom the methyl group is attached to
50
2,2 dimethyl propane, what does 2,2 mean
both of the methyl group is attached to carbon no 2
51
for alkene it can move ____ and ____
functional group | side chain
52
Pent-2-ene, 2 means that?
the double bond is attached to carbon no 2
53
for alcohol it can move ____ and ____
functional group | side chain
54
the FG has to be given the _____ of carbon position
smallest number
55
the methyl is given a _____ of carbon position
higher number
56
are alkanes and alkenes soluble in water?
no
57
are alkanes and alkenes soluble in organic solvent?
yes
58
why are alkanes and alkenes not soluble in water?
covalent compound. no free moving ions
59
density of alkane and alkene
less dense tha water
60
what are the 2 reactions of alkane?
combustion | substitution
61
in combustion what are the 2 products released?
CO2 and H2O
62
____ carbon atoms, more soot produced
more
63
combustion requires ____ to occur
O2
64
incomplete combustion produces 3 things. name it
carbon/soot, CO and water
65
specific name for substitution
chlorination or bromination
66
during substitution reaction the alkane is ____ by a ____
substituted | chlorine atom
67
during substitution reaction what else is produced other than the chloromethane compound?
Hydrogen chloride
68
substitution reaction needs presence of ___ to break covalent bonds
sunlight or UV light
69
what are the 7 reactions of alkene?
``` combustion 5 addition reaction: halogenation hydration hydrogenation oxidation hydrogen halide ``` addition polymerisation
70
why does alkene have addition reactions?
it has a double bond
71
what happens to hydrogen atom in halogenation ?
it gets substituted by a halogen atom
72
catalyst for halogenation
room conditions
73
observation for halogenation
brown colour of bromine turns colourless
74
what happens to hydrogen atom in hydration?
it gets substituted by hydroxyl group
75
3 catalyst for hydration
300 C, 60 atm, H3PO4
76
observation for hydration
as no of C increase, boiling point increase
77
in hydration of alkene it produces
alcohol
78
in halogenation of alkane it produces
alkane
79
in hydrogenation of alkane it produces
alkane
80
during hydrogenation, the hydrogen atom will ___ into ____
insert | alkene
81
2 catalyst for hydrogenation
180 C, Ni/Pt
82
oxidation of alkene produces
alcohol
83
alkene + H - OH + [O] is what reaction?
oxidation
84
2 catalyst for oxidation
KMNO4 and H+ ion
85
2 observation for oxidation
purple colour of KMNO4 solution decolourised 2 hydroxyl groups added to double bond
86
catalyst for hydrogen halide
room condition, 25 C
87
2 catalyst for polymerisation
200 C, 1200 atm
88
in combustion of alkane and alkene, compare sooty flame
alkane: less sooty alkene: sootier flame
89
compare percentage of carbon between alkane and alkene
alkane: lower alkene: higher
90
only alkenes will show reaction with Br and KMNO4 because
it has double bond
91
2 ways in preparing alcohol
hydration of alkene | fermentation of glucose
92
fermentation of glucose only applies to
ethanol
93
definition of fermentation
chemical process in which yeast acts on carbohydrates to produce ethanol and CO2
94
what is catalyst for fermentation
zymase
95
what is eq for fermentation
C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
96
what is the chemical eq , observation for reaction in limewater during fermentation?
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 --> CaCO3 + H2O | clear limewater turns cloudy
97
impure ethanol is purified by
fractional distillation
98
during fractional distillation, this specific apparatus is present
fractionating column
99
use of fractionating column
separate water from ethanol
100
use of Liebig condenser
cool the ethanol vapour to condense pure ethanol
101
the water in Liebig condenser function
allow complete condensation of ethanol vapour
102
what happens if condensation of ethanol vapour doesn't happen?
the ethanol will be released as gas
103
boiling point of ethanol
78 C
104
3 reactions of alcohol
combustion oxidation by KMNO4/ K2Cr2O7 dehydration
105
during combustion of alcohol what flame is produced?
blue flame without soot
106
chemical eq for oxidation of alcohol
alcohol + 2[O] --> carboxylic acid + H2O
107
observation using K2Cr2O7 during oxidation of alcohol
orange colours of K2Cr2O7 turns green indicating Cr2+ ion present
108
oxidation of alcohol produces
carboxylic acids
109
why is reflux technique used in oxidation of alcohol
prevent alcohol vapour escape to surrounding
110
KMNO4/ K2Cr2O7 in oxidation of alcohol act as
oxidising agents
111
chemical eq for dehydration of alcohol eg butanol
C4H9OH --> C4H8 + H2O
112
2 catalyst for dehydration of alcohol
heat porcelain chips /Al2O3 /concentrated H2SO4
113
in dehydration of alcohol, water removed in form ____
of vapour
114
in dehydration of alcohol, flame burns with
yellow sooty flame
115
temperature in dehydration of alcohol, using concentrated H2SO4
170 C
116
in dehydration of alcohol, what gas produced?
ethene
117
2 reactions of carboxylic acids
acid reactions (3) (reactive metal/metal carbonate/base) with alcohol/esterification
118
esterification chemical eq
carboxylic acids + alcohol --> ester + H2O
119
catalyst for esterification
concentrated H2SO4
120
density of esters
less dense than water
121
pH of ester
pH 7
122
smell of esters
sweet, fruity
123
esters are insoluble in water because
covalent compound
124
at 25 C esters are
colourless liquids
125
if exposed for too long at 25 C esters
vaporises

chemistry (8 decks)

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