chap 2, form 5 Flashcards
definition of carbon compound
a compound that consists of carbon atom as their constituent element
definition, sources of organic compound
originating from living things
living things, decomposed organism
definition, sources of inorganic compound
originating from non living things
minerals in the soil
give 4 examples of organic compound
fats: coconut oil
protein: mil
carbohydrate
petroleum
organic compounds are divided into 2. name them
hydrocarbon
non hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon are divided into 2. name them
saturated
unsaturated
what are saturated hydrocarbons?
contain only single bonds between carbon atoms
what are unsaturated hydrocarbons?
contain at least one double/triple bond between carbon atoms
what is the source of hydrocarbon
petroleum/crude oil
what are the 2 stages in oil refining
fractional distillation
cracking
definition of fractional distillation
fractions of hydrocarbon in petroleum are separated at different temp according to size of hydrocarbons
at the top of fractionating column, what is the boiling point, when does it vaporise, colour, combustibility and viscosity?
low boiling point vaporise first then rise up and condense bright colour highly combustible less viscous
at the bottom of fractionating column, what is the boiling point, colour, combustibility and viscosity?
high boiling collected and condense into liquid dark colour low combustibility more viscous
arrangement of fractional distillation
NeverParkNearKlccDuringLunchFreehoursand Breaktime
never, and its use
natural gas/petroleum gas
cooking gas
park, and its use
petrol
fuel for motor vehicles
near, and its use
naptha
raw material for petrochemical industry
klcc, and its use
kerosene
fuel for aircrafts
during, and its use
diesel oil
fuel for heavy vehicles like buses, lorries
lunch, and its use
lubricating oil
freehours, and its use
fuel oil
fuel for ships, power stations
andbreaktime, and its use
bitumen
road pavement
definition of cracking
process of breaking long chain hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons
catalyst for cracking
mixture of aluminium oxide and silicon(IV) oxide
why is the demand for smaller hydrocarbons higher?
it combusts easily and used as fuel
3 alternative source of hydrocarbons
biomass
biogas
biodiesel
definition of homologous series
classification of organic compound
there is only 1 example of saturated hydrocarbon. name it
alkane
there are 2 unsaturated hydrocarbon. name it
alkene and alkyne
root name for carbon atom. name until 10
meth-eth-prop-but-pent-hex-hept-oct-non-dec
GF for alkane
CnH2n+2
GF for alkene
CnH2n
GF for alkyne
CnH2n-2
GF for alcohol
CnH2n+1OH
GF for carboxylic acid
CnH2n+1COOH
GF for ester
CmH2m+1COOCnH2n+1
FG for alkane
single bond
FG for alkene
double bond
FG for alkyne
triple bond
FG for alcohol
OH
FG for carboxylic acid
COOH
FG for ester
carboxylate,
chemical formula for ester, what comes first?
carboxylic acid
name for ester, what comes first?
alcohol
2 types of structural isomerism are?
chain isomerism
position isomerism
2 types of chain isomerism
straight chain or branched chain
position isomerism
different position of FG
for alkane only movement of ___
side chain
in 2-methylbutane, 2 is referring to
the no of carbon atom the methyl group is attached to
2,2 dimethyl propane, what does 2,2 mean
both of the methyl group is attached to carbon no 2
for alkene it can move ____ and ____
functional group
side chain
Pent-2-ene, 2 means that?
the double bond is attached to carbon no 2
for alcohol it can move ____ and ____
functional group
side chain
the FG has to be given the _____ of carbon position
smallest number
the methyl is given a _____ of carbon position
higher number
are alkanes and alkenes soluble in water?
no
are alkanes and alkenes soluble in organic solvent?
yes
why are alkanes and alkenes not soluble in water?
covalent compound. no free moving ions
density of alkane and alkene
less dense tha water
what are the 2 reactions of alkane?
combustion
substitution
in combustion what are the 2 products released?
CO2 and H2O
____ carbon atoms, more soot produced
more
combustion requires ____ to occur
O2
incomplete combustion produces 3 things. name it
carbon/soot, CO and water
specific name for substitution
chlorination or bromination
during substitution reaction the alkane is ____ by a ____
substituted
chlorine atom
during substitution reaction what else is produced other than the chloromethane compound?
Hydrogen chloride
substitution reaction needs presence of ___ to break covalent bonds
sunlight or UV light
what are the 7 reactions of alkene?
combustion 5 addition reaction: halogenation hydration hydrogenation oxidation hydrogen halide
addition polymerisation
why does alkene have addition reactions?
it has a double bond
what happens to hydrogen atom in halogenation ?
it gets substituted by a halogen atom
catalyst for halogenation
room conditions
observation for halogenation
brown colour of bromine turns colourless
what happens to hydrogen atom in hydration?
it gets substituted by hydroxyl group
3 catalyst for hydration
300 C, 60 atm, H3PO4
observation for hydration
as no of C increase, boiling point increase
in hydration of alkene it produces
alcohol
in halogenation of alkane it produces
alkane
in hydrogenation of alkane it produces
alkane
during hydrogenation, the hydrogen atom will ___ into ____
insert
alkene
2 catalyst for hydrogenation
180 C, Ni/Pt
oxidation of alkene produces
alcohol
alkene + H - OH + [O] is what reaction?
oxidation
2 catalyst for oxidation
KMNO4 and H+ ion
2 observation for oxidation
purple colour of KMNO4 solution decolourised
2 hydroxyl groups added to double bond
catalyst for hydrogen halide
room condition, 25 C
2 catalyst for polymerisation
200 C, 1200 atm
in combustion of alkane and alkene, compare sooty flame
alkane: less sooty
alkene: sootier flame
compare percentage of carbon between alkane and alkene
alkane: lower
alkene: higher
only alkenes will show reaction with Br and KMNO4 because
it has double bond
2 ways in preparing alcohol
hydration of alkene
fermentation of glucose
fermentation of glucose only applies to
ethanol
definition of fermentation
chemical process in which yeast acts on carbohydrates to produce ethanol and CO2
what is catalyst for fermentation
zymase
what is eq for fermentation
C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
what is the chemical eq , observation for reaction in limewater during fermentation?
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 –> CaCO3 + H2O
clear limewater turns cloudy
impure ethanol is purified by
fractional distillation
during fractional distillation, this specific apparatus is present
fractionating column
use of fractionating column
separate water from ethanol
use of Liebig condenser
cool the ethanol vapour to condense pure ethanol
the water in Liebig condenser function
allow complete condensation of ethanol vapour
what happens if condensation of ethanol vapour doesn’t happen?
the ethanol will be released as gas
boiling point of ethanol
78 C
3 reactions of alcohol
combustion
oxidation by KMNO4/ K2Cr2O7
dehydration
during combustion of alcohol what flame is produced?
blue flame without soot
chemical eq for oxidation of alcohol
alcohol + 2[O] –> carboxylic acid + H2O
observation using K2Cr2O7 during oxidation of alcohol
orange colours of K2Cr2O7 turns green indicating Cr2+ ion present
oxidation of alcohol produces
carboxylic acids
why is reflux technique used in oxidation of alcohol
prevent alcohol vapour escape to surrounding
KMNO4/ K2Cr2O7 in oxidation of alcohol act as
oxidising agents
chemical eq for dehydration of alcohol eg butanol
C4H9OH –> C4H8 + H2O
2 catalyst for dehydration of alcohol
heat
porcelain chips /Al2O3
/concentrated H2SO4
in dehydration of alcohol, water removed in form ____
of vapour
in dehydration of alcohol, flame burns with
yellow sooty flame
temperature in dehydration of alcohol, using concentrated H2SO4
170 C
in dehydration of alcohol, what gas produced?
ethene
2 reactions of carboxylic acids
acid reactions (3)
(reactive metal/metal carbonate/base)
with alcohol/esterification
esterification chemical eq
carboxylic acids + alcohol –> ester + H2O
catalyst for esterification
concentrated H2SO4
density of esters
less dense than water
pH of ester
pH 7
smell of esters
sweet, fruity
esters are insoluble in water because
covalent compound
at 25 C esters are
colourless liquids
if exposed for too long at 25 C esters
vaporises
