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Pharm > Chap 2/3 > Flashcards

Chap 2/3 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the site of action

A

Molecular site where drug has a significant chemical interaction to produce a biological effect

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1
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

Study of the impact of the body on a drug. Absorption distribution metabolism and excretion

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2
Q

What are the site of action for most drugs

A

Usually a specific receptor protein on the cell surface or inside a specific cell, or an enzyme within the cell

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3
Q

What is the onset of action

A

The time it takes for the concentration of the drug molecules at the site of action to become large enough to cause a noticeable biological response

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4
Q

What is the duration of action

A

The time between onset and termination of action – length of time drug produces affect

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5
Q

What is the half-life

A

Time required for the amount of drug in the blood to be reduced by one half

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6
Q

What is bioavailability

A

The amount of drug in the systemic blood stream that has the opportunity to reach the site of action

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7
Q

What are the two components of bioavailability

A

Amount of drug absorbed in the rate of absorption

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8
Q

What factors affect bioavailability

A

Incomplete capsule dissolve, drug in activation via intestinal enzymes, drug entering liver – first pass effect

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9
Q

Define the first pass effect

A

When a drug is absorbed in the intestines directly into the portal circulation, part of the drug is in activated by the liver before it enters the systemic circulation

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10
Q

What does formulation referred to

A

Total contents of the dosage and the type of dosage

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11
Q

What is bioequivalence

A

Comparison of the amounts and rate of drug entering the general circulation for two or more similar formulations of the same drug, measured by concentration in the blood

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12
Q

What is therapeutic equivalence

A

Measured by a fact and not by blood concentration

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13
Q

What determines the extent of drug distribution

A

The drugs lipid solubility and protein binding characteristics

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14
Q

What is the volume of distribution and why is it important

A

Your parents space in the body available to the drug. As the volume of distribution increases the dose needed to get a sufficient concentration to the site of action also increases

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15
Q

Why is chemical structure so important

A

It is the binding force between the drug in all extra and intracellular components that’s affecting all factors associated with the drug

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16
Q

Where are the five things that drug the solubility effect

A

How quickly it is dissolved in G.I. tract, quickly absorbed into the bloodstream, rate and location of distribution throughout the body, rid of excretion, type of liquid dosage form in which it is available

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17
Q

What are the two categories of drug solubility and what does that mean

A

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Or water-soluble solve more in G.I. tract, more lipid soluble will move is your across the G.I. tract to the blood

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18
Q

How did drugs get to the site of action

A

Must cross membranes – G.I., vascular, cellular

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19
Q

What constitutes cell membranes

A

Phospholipids cholesterol and proteins

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20
Q

What are the three types of transport

A

Passing defusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

What factors impact passive diffusion

A

The degree of lipid solubility, require concentration gradient

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22
Q

Of the characteristics of active transport

A

Use transporter proteins, can move against concentration gradients, require energy, specificity

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23
Q

Characteristics of facilitated diffusion

A

Requires carrier protein, no energy, cannot be moved against concentration gradient, specificity

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24
Q

What is route of administration

A

Means by which drug comes in contact with body purpose of reaching side of action

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25
Q

What is dosage form?

A

Physical form in which the drug exists

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26
Q

What is absorption

A

Getting the drug into the bloodstream

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27
Q

What factors affect the rate of absorption

A

Lipid solubility of the drug blood flow to the site of administration, and surface area from which the drug can be absorbed

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28
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of oral administration

A

Cheapest, most convenient, safest, drug can be retrieved the vomiting

Sometimes not effective due to an activation, incomplete absorption, cannot be given to unconscious, G.I. Irritation

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29
Q

Name six forms of oral administration

A 
Tablets – compressed powders
Capsules- oblong gelatin containers
Syrups- sweetens aqueous solutions 
Elixirs- flavored ethanol and water 
Suspensions- solid suspended in liquid
Emulsification- liquid with droplets of oil
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30
Q

What is the purpose of inactive ingredients

A

Impact effectiveness of drug by altering the amount of drug absorbed or altering the duration of action

31
Q

What is the sub lingual route of administration

A

Placed under tongue and allowed to dissolve enabling faster absorption into the bloodstream

32
Q

When is rectal route of administration necessary

A

Unconscious, vomiting, too young to swallow oral dosage forms

33
Q

What are the parenteral routes of administration?

A

Intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous

34
Q

Pros and cons of topical application

A

Localization is positive, and ineffective dose is negative

35
Q

Pros and cons of inhalation

A

Fast acting to Lungs, variability of how much reaches the Lungs

36
Q

What is biotransformation

A

Drug metabolism which occurs primarily in liver

37
Q

Effect of heavy and light exercise on pharmacokinetics

A

Light – decreases gastric emptying. Heavy – increases gastric emptying

38
Q

Effect of oral absorption rate and exertion through skin by exercise

A

Oral absorption rate decreases, skin absorption rate increases

39
Q

What is considered a receptor

A

Macromolecule – protein – which a drug bines and initiates a biological response

40
Q

How does surface receptors self regulate the amount of chemical signals received

A

If chemical signals or less more receptors are synthesized. If chemical signals are excessive receptor numbers are decreased

41
Q

What is drug affinity

A

The strength of a bind, how well it fits into lock and key

42
Q

What is drug efficacy

A

Ability of the drug to cause the receptor to initiate a domino effect of chemical reactions

43
Q

What is the dose response relationship

A

As the concentration of the drug increases more molecules will occupy more receptors which will then produce a greater response

44
Q

What is Ed 50

A

The effective dose that produces 50% of a specified response

45
Q

What is potency

A

Term used to compare the dose of the drug required producing a particular fact relative to the dose of another drug that acts by similar mechanism

46
Q

What is an equal potent dose

A

Used when comparing the efficacy of similar drugs

47
Q

What does potency impact

A

Ability to use certain routes of ministration

48
Q

What is LD50

A

Does that will kill 50%

49
Q

What is the TI

A

Treatment index? The ratio of LD50 divided by ED50. The larger the value the greater the margin of safety

50
Q

What is TD 50

A

Does that is toxic to 50 percent of population

51
Q

What is steady-state blood concentration

A

When the rate of drug becoming bioavailability equals the rate of excretion and metabolized

52
Q

What is drug interaction

A

When the addition of another drug increases or decreases the effect of obtained from therapy

53
Q

What is receptor antagonist drug interaction

A

Went to drugs have affinity for the same receptor in one drug displaces the other thus diminishing the response

54
Q

What is enzyme in duction drug interaction

A

Occurs when a drug increases the synthesis of one or more metabolizing enzymes

55
Q

What is enzyme inhibition drug interaction

A

Occurs when two drugs buying to the same metabolizing enzymes, but one drug is the substrate for the enzyme where the other is an inhibitor

56
Q

What is physiological agonist drug interaction

A

Two or more drugs use concurrently result in an increase in physiological effects but the drugs do not have the same mechanism of action or affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of the other

57
Q

What is physiological antagonism drug interaction

A

The physiological effect of two drugs given concurrently oppose each other without either drug directly interfering with the mechanism of action or pharmacokinetic parameters of the other

58
Q

What is the absorption effect drug interaction

A

The use of one drug inhibits the absorption of another drug if given concurrently

59
Q

What is the excretion affect drug interaction

A

One drug increases or decreases the excretion rate of another drug

60
Q

Define adverse drug reaction

A

Any undesirable response from a drug

61
Q

What are side effects

A

Expected response is based on pharmacologic action of the drug

62
Q

What are allergic reactions

A

Expected immune response initiated by the exposure to certain drugs or other chemicals

63
Q

What are organ cytotoxic affects

A

Adverse effects on organs

64
Q

What are idiosyncratic reactions

A

Reaction that is peculiar To an individual or a defined group of people

65
Q

What are drug – drug interactions

A

Interaction of two or more drugs that results in a disadvantage to the patient

66
Q

What are drug food interactions

A

Interaction of a drug with a food result in adverse patient reaction

67
Q

What are drug – her interactions

A

Interaction of the drug with herbal products result in adverse patient reactions

68
Q

Define pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the impact of drugs on the body primarily mechanism of drug action and biological effect

69
Q

Define therapeutics

A

The study of the parameters that determine the most appropriate therapy for a patient with a specific pathology given a certain set of demographics

70
Q

Describe the additive effect

A

Response of change from two or more drugs is equal to the sum of the responses obtain with drugs are used individually

71
Q

Defined the synergistic affect

A

The use of two drugs together produces a response greater than what would be expected by adding the response observed from each use alone

72
Q

Describe the antagonist affect

A

Second drug reduces the effect of another drug

73
Q

Describe the placebo effect

A

Therapeutic or adverse response that cannot be attributed to the pharmacological effects of the drug

74
Q

Describe tolerance

A

Diminish response to a drug as a result of continued use

75
Q

What are the two major mechanisms that cause pharmacological tolerance

A

Liver enzyme induction – liver produces more molecules of drug metabolizing enzymes
Receptor effects – change a number of receptors or the affinity of the receptors for the drug

Pharm (4 decks)

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