Chap 2 Flashcards
Personality trait
Habitual patters of behaviour thought and emotion
(Consistent and stable over time)
(Distinctive)
Personality
Unique collection of behaviour traits
Personality used to explain…
- behavioural differences of people in the same situation
- stability in behaviour over time
- stability in behaviour across situations
Narcissism
Inflated sense of their own importance
May be attractive at first but then they become unlikable
Growing trend
Factor analysis
correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables.
5 factor model ( mccrae and costa)
Openness
Consciousness
Extraversion
Agreeable nessus
Neuroticism
Psychodynamic theories
Include all the diverse theories descended from the work of FREUD that focus on unconcious mental forces (Also include JUNG and ADLER)
Freud psychoanalysis
Unconscious influence behaviour(especially sexual thoughts)
Conflict and defence mechanisms
Psychosexual stages
structure of personality (freud)
id
ego
superego
id
primitive opperates according to pleasure
ego
decision making opperates according to reality
superego
moral compnent incorparates socail standards right and wrong
conscious
consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time
preconscious
contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved
unconscious
contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness
Intrapsychic conflict
Dominates daily lives (routine) and causes anxiety
Intrapsychic conflict anxiety
Lead to heavy reliance on defence mechanisms when conflict is left to linger for a long time
Sex and aggression (Freud)
Needs that are subject to complex social controls and thwarted
Defence mechanisms
Unconscious recation that protects people from negative emotions
Freud defence mechanisms
- rationalisation
- repression
- projection
- displacement
- reaction
- regression
- identification
- rationalisation
False but plausible excuse to justify behaviour (not studying because you wanted to go out and justifying it because it’s just an extra class and not need for grades)
- repression
Keep distressing thoughts/feeling in the unconscious (blocking out a memory as if it never existed)
- projection
Passing off own feelings and motive as if they were someone else’s ( think you like someone and they don’t like you when actually you don’t like them)
- displacement
Taking out negative feelings on so.ething that isn’t the source (had a rough day at work so takes anger out on wife and kids)
- reaction
Behaving the opposite way of true feelings (bullying a person because deep down you actually have feelings that you are afraid to admit )
- regression
Reverison to immature behaviour patterns (an adult slamming doors and throwing a tantrum)
- identification
Boosting self-esteem by identifying with a gourmet or person that is of a high standard. ( insecure man joing frat house)
Psychosexual stages
Development stages with characteristics sexual focus
Psychosexual stages (freud)
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genitalia
Oral
0-1
Mouth (biting sucking)
Oral
0-1
Mouth (biting sucking)
Anal
2-3
Anus (Potty training)
Phallic
4-5
Genitals (masturbate)
Latency
6-12
None (sexually repressed)
Genitals
13+
Genitals (sexually intimate)
Oedipal complex
During phallic stage - Erotic desires for other sex parent
Carl Jung - analytical psyc theory
Collective unconscious and archetypes
first to describe the personality dimension of extraversionintroversion
Collective unconscious
Store house of Latent memory taces inherited from ancestral past shared across entire human race (called ancestral memories archetypes)
Archetypes
Emotional charges images/thought forms have universal meaning (e.g main character energy) often manifested in a culture’s use of symbols in art, literature, and religion
Extraverion
Energised by having out with people
Introversion
Energised by spending time alone
Adler individual psyc
Humans strive for superiority not sexuality
Compensation
efforts to overcome imagined/real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities.
Inferiority complex
Exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy
Caused by parental neglect/pampering
Can cause overcompensation
Overcompensating for inferiority complex
Plus underdeveloped social interest Leads to superiority complex
Superiority complex
Flaunting wealth and success to show you aren’t inferior despite still feeling so
Psychodynamic perspectives
- unconscious influence behaviour
- internal conflict key role in psyc distress
- early childhood experiences influence adult personality
- rely on defence mechanisms to reduce unpleasant emotions
Behaviourism
Theoretical orientation based on premise that scientific psyc should study observable behaviour
Pavlov theory
classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Type of learning where neutral stimuli gains the ability to envoke a response that was originally caused by another stimuli (UCS)
(USC) unconditioned stimulus
Envokes and unconditioned response (UCR) without conditioning
(UCR)
Unlearned response to (UCS) with out conditioning
Conditioned stimulus (CR)
Previously neutral stimuli acquired compacity to envoke conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned response (CR)
Learned response to conditioned stimulus
Extinction of conditioned stimulus
gradual weakening/disappearance of a conditioned response
Skinner operation conditioning
Form of learning in which voluntary response can be controlled by controlled by consequences
Positive reinforcement
Response strengthened through positive stimuli
Negative reinforcement
Strengthening of response through removal of negative stimuli
Punishment
Response weakened due to arrival of negative stimuli