Chap 17.2 Slides Flashcards
What happened to India after the fall of the Gupta empire?
After the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 500s, India broke apart into a number of small kingdoms.
What group arrived in India at this time?
How did they live with the Hindus and Buddhists?
- During period of small kingdoms, Arab Muslim traders arrived in India for first time in search of goods such as spices
- They lived peacefully beside Hindus, Buddhists
What other Muslim came to India?
What did these Muslims do to India?
In the region now known as_______
- Next Muslims to arrive not so peaceful
- Early 700s, Muslim raiders invaded, conquered region of Sind, in what is now Pakistan
Who controlled most of India up to 1200s?
- 300 years later, Muslims poured into north India from Afghanistan
- By 1200s, most of northern India under Muslim control
Once Muslims took control of India, what was set up in Delhi?
Delhi Sultanate
- Once Muslims took control of north India, established new government for region based in city of Delhi
- Government became known as Delhi sultanate
- Rulers in sultanate tolerant, allowed traditional customs, religions
How did Muslim and Indian culture blend together?
- Rulers also worked to spread Muslim culture through India
- Invited artists, scholars from other parts of Islamic world to Delhi
- New culture formed, blending Muslim, Indian elements
- Example: new language, Urdu, formed from combination of Arabic, Sanskrit
What happened to India after the Delhi sultanate?
- The Delhi sultanate remained strong for about 300 years.
- By the early 1500s, its power was weakening.
- This weakening left India open to invasion
Young Central Asian conquerors called __________ took over India
Babur
•Young Central Asian conqueror took advantage of India’s weakness
The next empire founded in India was the ________ empire
MUGHAL Empire
- Tried, failed to create empire in Central Asia
- Next turned to India
- By 1526, had defeated rulers of Delhi, founded Mughal Empire
Mughal comes from the Persian word Mogul for ________.
Mughals ruled India as its first great _______empire
- Name comes from Persian word Mogul for “Mongol”
- Mughals reigned as India’s first great Muslim empire
- Great civilization, known for wealth, power
The greatest of all Mughal rulers was _________
Babur’s Grandson
- Task of organizing what he conquered fell to descendants
- Most done by grandson, Akbar the Great
What was the population like in India during Akbar’s control?
- Akbar took throne at age 13, but became greatest of all Mughal rulers
- Realized India had diverse population, which could lead to breakdown of empire; did everything he could to win people’s loyalty
How did Akbar expand his rule?
- Akbar married daughter of local noble to win noble’s support
- Brought sons of other nobles to live at court
- Did not hesitate to fight to prevent rebellion
- 1605, Akbar died; at time, Mughals ruled most of north India, much of interior
How did Akbar treat religion?
- Akbar worked to unify diverse empire by promoting religious tolerance
- Held that no one religion could provide all answers to life’s problems
- Did not want to discourage people from practicing any religion, discriminate against anyone for their beliefs
What reforms did Akbar achieve?
- Abolished taxes placed on non-Muslims by earlier rulers
- Appointed Hindus to several influential positions in government
- Encouraged discussions, debates among Muslims, Hindus, Christians, people of other religions
How reforms did Akbar achieve on finances?
- Established centralized government that gave him supreme civil, military authority over his empire
- Reformed tax system, appointed officials to oversee it
- Majority of officials from outside Mughal Empire
After Akbar came his son, ________, who ruled.
- Babur, Akbar laid foundation for powerful empire
- Rulers who followed built upon foundation, raised Mughal India to new heights of power, wealth
- Akbar’s son, Jahangir, intelligent, impatient to rule, rebelled against father; later reconciled
- In 1605 became emperor after Akbar’s death
How did Jahangir rule?
What was the influence that affected Indian society?
- Continued religious tolerance; supported arts; adopted Persian influences into Indian society
- Acceptance of Persian customs inspired by Persian-born wife
- Powerful woman who ruled for several years while husband ill
Jahangir came into conflict with religious group, ______, who supported rebellion
During reign, Jahangir came into conflict with religious group, Sikhs
Some Sikhs had supported rebellion against Jahangir
How did Sikhism blend Islam and Hinduism?
How was Sikhism belief the same and different from Islam?
•Sikhism, blended elements of Islam, Hinduism
–Like Muslims, believe in one God, who created world, who has no physical form
–Unlike Muslims, who believe in afterlife, believe in reincarnation
After Jahangir, came his son, _________, who created a ________ golden age
- Jahangir’s son and successor, Shah Jahan shared his father’s love of literature and art.
- During his reign the Mughal Empire experienced a cultural golden age.
The greatest Mughal architecture achieved was the _____________
- Greatest example of Mughal architecture, Taj Mahal built during his reign
- Designed by Persian architects, displays elements of Indian, Persian, Muslim architectural styles
- Built as tomb for his wife
To pay for Taj Mahal, what did Shah Jahan do to raise money?
- Needed funds to pay for monuments
- Shah Jahan imposed heavy taxes on people
- Demanded half of all crops grown in the country
- Led to hardship, famine for many
Why else did Shah Jahan need money?
Why were wars fought?
- Series of wars against India’s neighbors also added to Shah Jahan’s need for money
- Many wars fought in name of Islam against Christians, Hindus
- Unlike father, grandfather, Shah Jahan was Muslim who did not practice religious tolerance
Why did war break out after Shah Jahan?
- 1657, Shah Jahan grew terribly ill
- Sons began to maneuver to take throne
- Soon war broke out between them
How did AURANGZEB take power from Shah Jahan?
- Shah Jahan unexpectedly recovered but son Aurangzeb captured him
- After locking father in prison, killed all rivals
- Brought head of brother in box to show father; then declared himself emperor
How did India expand during reign of Aurangzeb?
- Early in reign, concerned with expanding India’s borders
- Empire reached greatest size at this time
- Later, Aurangzeb turned more to domestic affairs
What was the Muslim view during reign of Aurangzeb?
Muslim Views
•Worked to impose own strict religious views on society
•
•Issued strict decrees about morality, personal behavior
What was the religious persecution under Aurangzeb?
Religious Persecution
- Persecuted Hindus, Sikhs
- Taxed them, forbade them high positions in government
- Destroyed their temples
How did Aurangzeb treat protestors?
Crushing Protesters
- Crowds of Shia, Sufi Muslims gathered to protest actions
- Aurangzeb ordered soldiers mounted on elephants to crush them
What led to decline of the Mughals?
- Aurangzeb enlarged Mughal empire, however his actions marked beginning of its end
- Due to harsh measures of regime, frequent rebellions broke out in later 1600s
When Aurangzeb died, REBELLION
As the Mughals decline, what happened to India?
Eventually, India came under ___________ rule.
- Soon invaders poured into India from north
- Eventually India fell under colonial sway of British as part of their global empire
