Chap 17

Question 1

the symbolic process in which a communicator intentionally creates a message in an attempt to convince others to change their attitudes or behaviors in an atmosphere of free choice

Answer 1

persuasion

Question 2

reasons to accept an argument that the speaker creates in the audience

Answer 2

artistic proofs

Question 3

intentional, purposeful speaking that involves reason and judgement

Answer 3

argument

Question 4

debatable point or proposal you want listeners to accept

Answer 4

claim

Question 5

supporting material offered to back up a claim

Answer 5

grounds, data, or evidence

Question 6

a claim presented without supporting evidence

Answer 6

assertion

Question 7

justification or reasoning that connects the claim and the evidence

Answer 7

warrent

Question 8

reasons given to support the warrent

Answer 8

backing

Question 9

words and phrases that limit or narrow the scope of a claim

Answer 9

qualifiers

Question 10

arguments that counter or disagree with a claim

Answer 10

rebuttal

Question 11

personal credibility or character traits that make a speaker believable and worth of the audience’s cofidence

Answer 11

ethos

Question 12

concerns shared among speakers and listeners that help overcome divisions and bring diverse people together

Answer 12

identification or co-orientation

Question 13

specific areas or concerns that both speaker an audience consider important

Answer 13

common ground

Question 14

internal, individualized factor that results when we understand how topics affect our lives in a personal way

Answer 14

motivation

Question 15

appeals or reasons directed toward audience emotions

Answer 15

pathos

Question 16

arguments from the words of the speech itself, often called rational proofs

Answer 16

logos

Question 17

a polarizing speaker who appeals to audiences more on the basis of emotion and personal charisma than on reasoned arguments

Answer 17

demagogue

Question 18

comparison of one item that’s less familiar or unknown to something concrete and familiar

Answer 18

analogy

Question 19

comparing two things that are generally different but share a recognizable similarity

Answer 19

reasoning by metaphor

Question 20

comparing likenesses between two similar things; arguing that what happened in a known case will likely happen in a similar case

Answer 20

parallel case or literal analogy

Question 21

starting with specific instances or examples then formulating a reasonable conclusion

Answer 21

inductive reasoning

Question 22

starting with a principle and applying it to a specific case

Answer 22

deductive reasoning

Question 23

omitting part of the syllogism in an argument and letting listeners supply what’s missing; inherently dialogical

Answer 23

enthymeme

Question 24

linking two factors in such as way that the first occurs before the second and regularly leads to the second as a matter of rule

Answer 24

casual reasoning

Question 25

failure in logical reasoning that leads to unsound or misleading arguments

Answer 25

fallacy

Question 26

an appeal to popular opinion

Answer 26

ad populum

Question 27

comparing two things too dissimilar to warrant the conclusion drawn

Answer 27

false analogy

Question 28

a fallacy of induction; generalizing too broadly, given the evidence

Answer 28

faulty generalization

Question 29

a fallacy of causation; saying one small thing will lead to larger things without offering proof

Answer 29

slippery slope

Question 30

a fallacy of causation; a false cause

Answer 30

post hoc

Question 31

an either-or fallacy that ignores other reasonable opinions

Answer 31

false dichotomy

Question 32

inviting audiences to enter and understand the rhetor’s world and then share their own perspectives; focuses on mutual understanding an mutual influence, not winning or change per se

Answer 32

invitational rhetoric

Question 33

creatively framing a divisive issue or viewpoint in a different way that may be less threatening

Answer 33

re-sourcement

Question 34

listening without interrupting or inserting oneself into the talk

Answer 34

absolute listening

Question 35

an attempt to think from the other’s perspective as well as one’s own

Answer 35

reversibility of perspectives