Chap 17 Flashcards
the symbolic process in which a communicator intentionally creates a message in an attempt to convince others to change their attitudes or behaviors in an atmosphere of free choice
persuasion
reasons to accept an argument that the speaker creates in the audience
artistic proofs
intentional, purposeful speaking that involves reason and judgement
argument
debatable point or proposal you want listeners to accept
claim
supporting material offered to back up a claim
grounds, data, or evidence
a claim presented without supporting evidence
assertion
justification or reasoning that connects the claim and the evidence
warrent
reasons given to support the warrent
backing
words and phrases that limit or narrow the scope of a claim
qualifiers
arguments that counter or disagree with a claim
rebuttal
personal credibility or character traits that make a speaker believable and worth of the audience’s cofidence
ethos
concerns shared among speakers and listeners that help overcome divisions and bring diverse people together
identification or co-orientation
specific areas or concerns that both speaker an audience consider important
common ground
internal, individualized factor that results when we understand how topics affect our lives in a personal way
motivation
appeals or reasons directed toward audience emotions
pathos
arguments from the words of the speech itself, often called rational proofs
logos
a polarizing speaker who appeals to audiences more on the basis of emotion and personal charisma than on reasoned arguments
demagogue
comparison of one item that’s less familiar or unknown to something concrete and familiar
analogy
comparing two things that are generally different but share a recognizable similarity
reasoning by metaphor
comparing likenesses between two similar things; arguing that what happened in a known case will likely happen in a similar case
parallel case or literal analogy
starting with specific instances or examples then formulating a reasonable conclusion
inductive reasoning
starting with a principle and applying it to a specific case
deductive reasoning
omitting part of the syllogism in an argument and letting listeners supply what’s missing; inherently dialogical
enthymeme
linking two factors in such as way that the first occurs before the second and regularly leads to the second as a matter of rule
casual reasoning
failure in logical reasoning that leads to unsound or misleading arguments
fallacy
an appeal to popular opinion
ad populum
comparing two things too dissimilar to warrant the conclusion drawn
false analogy
a fallacy of induction; generalizing too broadly, given the evidence
faulty generalization
a fallacy of causation; saying one small thing will lead to larger things without offering proof
slippery slope
a fallacy of causation; a false cause
post hoc
an either-or fallacy that ignores other reasonable opinions
false dichotomy
inviting audiences to enter and understand the rhetor’s world and then share their own perspectives; focuses on mutual understanding an mutual influence, not winning or change per se
invitational rhetoric
creatively framing a divisive issue or viewpoint in a different way that may be less threatening
re-sourcement
listening without interrupting or inserting oneself into the talk
absolute listening
an attempt to think from the other’s perspective as well as one’s own
reversibility of perspectives
