Chap 15 : Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and how to diagnose?

Answer 1

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of 3 key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity,

Question 2

Psychological disorder? (3 key terms)

Answer 2

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors.

Question 3

The Medical Model (understanding psychological disorders)

Answer 3

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and (in most cases) cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Question 4

The Biopsychosocial Approach

Answer 4

biological, psychological and social-cultural factors interact to produce specific psychological disorders.

Question 5

Are psychological disorders universal og cultural specific?

Answer 5

some psychological disorders are culture-specific. EG. anorexia, (western) og taijin-kyofusho (japan). Others eg. schizophrenia occure in all cultures.

Question 6

DSM-IV-TR

Answer 6

The American Psychriatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition, with an updated “text revision” a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Question 7

Anxiety disorders

Answer 7

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Question 8

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 8

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Question 9

Panic disorder

Answer 9

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minute long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, chocking, or other frightening sensations.

Question 10

Phobia

Answer 10

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation.

Question 11

“debriefing” for PTSD soilders right after evens has ben proven…

Answer 11

ineffective and sometimes harmful

Question 12

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Answer 12

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Question 13

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 13

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Question 14

What are the two contemporary perspectives on understanding Anxiety disorders?

Answer 14

The Learning perspective and the Biological Perspective

Question 15

How can anxiety genes effect the brain?

Answer 15

by effeting levels of serotonin (a neurotransmitter) that influsences mood and sleep. Or affeting level of glutamate (a neurotransmitter) which if overproduces can cause the brains alarmcenter to be overactive.

Question 16

Mood disorders?

Answer 16

psychological disorders charaterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania and bipolar disorder.

Question 17

Researchers believe that anxiety disorders are influenced by conditioning, observational learning and cognition. What biological factors contribute to these disorders?

Answer 17

biological factors include inherited temperement differences; learned fears that have altered brain pathways; and outdated, inherited responses that had survival value for our distant ancestors.

Question 18

Major depressive disorder

Answer 18

a mood disorder in which a person experineces, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminished interest or pleasure in most activities, along with at least four other symptoms.

Question 19

Mania

Answer 19

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, widely optimistic state

Question 20

Bipolar disorder

Answer 20

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Question 21

Diagnose depression

Answer 21

5 or more symphtones, 2-week periode

Question 22

What does it mean to say that “depression is a whole-body disorder”?

Answer 22

Many factors contribute to depression, including biological influences of genetics and brain function. Social-cognetive factors incl interaction of explanatoray style, mood, stress response and changes in our patterns of thinking and behaving. Whole body involved.

Question 23

Schizopgrenia

Answer 23

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perception, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors.

Question 24

define Psychosis

Answer 24

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and disorted perseptions.

Question 25

define Delusions

Answer 25

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Question 26

Dissociative disorders

Answer 26

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from precious memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Question 27

Dissiciative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 27

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternative personalities. Formerly called multiple personallity disorder.

Question 28

What factors contribute to the onset and development of schizophrenia?

Answer 28

biological factors including abnormalities in brain structure and function, exposure to a maternal virus and genetic factors. Howewer schizophrenia is more likely to develop given a high-risk environment.

Question 29

anorexia nervosa

Answer 29

…maintaning a starvation diet despite significantly (15% or more) underwaight

Question 30

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 30

…binge eating with purging or fasting.

Question 31

The psychodynamic and earning perspectives agree that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are ways of dealing with anxiety. How do their explanations differ?

Answer 31

The psychodynamic explanation of DID symptones is that they are defenses against anxiety generated by unacceptable urges. The learning perspective attempts to explain there symptones as behaviors that have been reinforced be relieving anxiety in the past.

Question 32

Personality disorders

Answer 32

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Question 33

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 33

a personality disorder in which a person (ussually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. May be agressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Question 34

How do biological and psychological factors contribute to antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 34

twin/adoption studies show that biological relatives of people with this disorder are at increased risk for antisocial behavior. Negative environmental factors, such as poverty or childhood abuse may channel genetic traits such as fearlessness in more dangerous directions - towards agression and away som social responsibility.

Question 35

Withdrawn avoidant personality disorder

Answer 35

want other to like them but terrified of criticism so they avoid people

Question 36

Schizoid personality disorder

Answer 36

no interest in interpersonal relationahips, dont get emotions, cold.

Question 37

Histrionic personality disorder

Answer 37

(=dama queen) over the top emotional expression, inapropate behavior….

Question 38

borderline personality disorder

Answer 38

instablity in relationships, goals. Emotions all over, terrified od being abonned, self destructive..

Question 39

What does antidepressive medicine do?

Answer 39

tend to increase norepinephrine or serotonin supplies by blocking either their reuptake (prozac, Zoloft, Paxil) or their chemical breakdown

Question 40

What is the vicious cycle of depressed thinking

Answer 40

stressfull experience –> negative explanatory style –> depressed mood –> cognitive and behavioral changes

Question 41

a hyper responsive dopamine system is associated with

Answer 41

schizopgrenia

Question 42

cataonic schizophrenia

Answer 42

immobility, extreme negativism, and/or parrot-like repeating of anothers speech or movemets.

Question 43

What are the 3 clusters of personality disorder?

Answer 43

anxiety featured, eccentric/ odd behaviour and dramatic/impulsive behaviour