Chap 13 : Personality Flashcards
Defien personality
The typical way in which we think, feel and act
How does psychodynamic theories view personality?
view personality with a focus on the unconscious abd the importance of childhood experience.
What is ‘free association’ in psychoanalysis?
a methonde of exploring the unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tension
What is psychoanalysis?
Feuds theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
unconscious? (F)
according to Freud a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, whishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
Explaine the id, ego and super ego (F)
id: strives to satisfy basic sexual and agressive drives
ego: negotiates between super ego, id and reality. the reality principle that satisfy the id’s desire in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rater than pain.
Super ego: represent internal ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspiration.
Psychosexual stage? (F)
The childhood stage of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distance erogenous zones.
Oedipus complex (F)
a boy’s sexual desire towards his mother and feelings tof jalousy and hatred for the rival father.
identification (F)
the process by which children incroporate their parents’ values into their developing superegoes
fixation (F)
a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
defense mechanism (F)
the ego’s protective methodes of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
repression (F)
the basic defence mechanism that banishes anxiety -arousing thoughts, feeling and memories from consciousness.
Carl Jung’s collective unconsiousness?
concept of a shared, inherited resevoir of memory traces from our species’ history (archetypes).
The rorschach test
the inkblot test - by telling what you see you can interpret the unconsious.
projective test
a personality test (such as Rorschach) that provides ambigiouous stimuli designed to trigger projections of ones inner dynamics.
What are the 3 values that Freud’s work in psychoanalytic theory has contributed?
1) the importance of childhood experience 2) the existence of the unconscious mind 3) our self-protective defence mechanisms.
What are the 3 ways in which Freud’s work has been criticized?
1) not scientifically testable 2) to much focus on childhood confliction 3) based on the idea of repression which has not been supported by modern research.
terror-managment theory (supporting Freuds theories in anxiety)
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.
Humanistic theories?
view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth (focus on the individual)
Self-actualization (Maslow)?
one of the ulmtimate psychological needs that arises after basic psychical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem in achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.
Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers)?
according to Carl Rogers person-centered perspective an attitude of total acceptance towards another person
Self-concept (hum. the.)
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “who am I?”
How did humanistic psychology provide a fresh perspective?
the movement sought to turn psychology away form drives and conflicts and toward our growth potential, with a focus on the way healthy people strive for self determination and self-realization, which was in contrast to psychodynamic theory and strict behaviorism.
What does it mean to be emphatic? (hum) and who emphasised the concept?
to share and mirror another persons feeling. Carl Rogers believed that people nurture growth in growth by being emphatic.
What is a trait in Trait Theory?
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
Eysenck’s two personality dimension includes..
extraversion/introversion and emotional stability/ instability
Personallity inventory (TT)
a questionnaire (often with true-false og agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
the most widely researched and clinnically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropiate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. (se hvordan du falder uden for normen > det gennemsnittet har svaret)
Empirically derived test?
a test (eg MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups-
What are the ‘Big Five’ personality factors?
(think CANOE) Conscientiousness (organized/disorganized) Agreeableness (soft/ruthless) Neuroticism (emotional stabil/instable) Openness (practical/imaginatative) Extravertion (retiering/sociable)
How well do personality test scores predict our behavior?
it predicts our average behaviour not specific in a given situation.
Social-cognetive perspective?
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between peoples traits (including their thinking) and their social context. * Bandura
Resiprocal Determinism (SCP)
the interacting influence of behavior, internal cognition and environment.
Personal control (SCP)
the extent to which we percieve control over our environment
External locus of control (SCP)
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
Internal locus of control (SCP)
the perception that you control your own fate.
Self-control (SCP)
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term reward.
learned helplessness (SCP)
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
What is Positive Psychology?
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aim to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enables individuals and communities to thrive.
See table …
p 543
What is the best way to predict a persons futur behavior?
examin the persons past behavior patterns in similar situations
Self means?
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer og our thoughts, feelings and actions.
the Spotlight Effect?
Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance and blunders (as we presume a spotlight shines on us)
explain self-esteem
one’s feelings of high or low self-worth
explain self-serving bias
a readiness to persive oneself favorably
deffine narcissism
excessive self-love abd self-absorbation
Trade perspective focus on describing personality but do not provide an
explanation
Personality is also biologically based, give 3 examples
- Genes
- Brain (structures, connection and size of frontal lope)
- Neurotransmitters
