Chap 13 : Personality

Question 1

Defien personality

Answer 1

The typical way in which we think, feel and act

Question 2

How does psychodynamic theories view personality?

Answer 2

view personality with a focus on the unconscious abd the importance of childhood experience.

Question 3

What is ‘free association’ in psychoanalysis?

Answer 3

a methonde of exploring the unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tension

Question 4

What is psychoanalysis?

Answer 4

Feuds theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Question 5

unconscious? (F)

Answer 5

according to Freud a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, whishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Question 6

Explaine the id, ego and super ego (F)

Answer 6

id: strives to satisfy basic sexual and agressive drives
ego: negotiates between super ego, id and reality. the reality principle that satisfy the id’s desire in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rater than pain.
Super ego: represent internal ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspiration.

Question 7

Psychosexual stage? (F)

Answer 7

The childhood stage of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distance erogenous zones.

Question 8

Oedipus complex (F)

Answer 8

a boy’s sexual desire towards his mother and feelings tof jalousy and hatred for the rival father.

Question 9

identification (F)

Answer 9

the process by which children incroporate their parents’ values into their developing superegoes

Question 10

fixation (F)

Answer 10

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Question 11

defense mechanism (F)

Answer 11

the ego’s protective methodes of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 12

repression (F)

Answer 12

the basic defence mechanism that banishes anxiety -arousing thoughts, feeling and memories from consciousness.

Question 13

Carl Jung’s collective unconsiousness?

Answer 13

concept of a shared, inherited resevoir of memory traces from our species’ history (archetypes).

Question 14

The rorschach test

Answer 14

the inkblot test - by telling what you see you can interpret the unconsious.

Question 15

projective test

Answer 15

a personality test (such as Rorschach) that provides ambigiouous stimuli designed to trigger projections of ones inner dynamics.

Question 16

What are the 3 values that Freud’s work in psychoanalytic theory has contributed?

Answer 16

1) the importance of childhood experience 2) the existence of the unconscious mind 3) our self-protective defence mechanisms.

Question 17

What are the 3 ways in which Freud’s work has been criticized?

Answer 17

1) not scientifically testable 2) to much focus on childhood confliction 3) based on the idea of repression which has not been supported by modern research.

Question 18

terror-managment theory (supporting Freuds theories in anxiety)

Answer 18

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

Question 19

Humanistic theories?

Answer 19

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth (focus on the individual)

Question 20

Self-actualization (Maslow)?

Answer 20

one of the ulmtimate psychological needs that arises after basic psychical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem in achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

Question 21

Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers)?

Answer 21

according to Carl Rogers person-centered perspective an attitude of total acceptance towards another person

Question 22

Self-concept (hum. the.)

Answer 22

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “who am I?”

Question 23

How did humanistic psychology provide a fresh perspective?

Answer 23

the movement sought to turn psychology away form drives and conflicts and toward our growth potential, with a focus on the way healthy people strive for self determination and self-realization, which was in contrast to psychodynamic theory and strict behaviorism.

Question 24

What does it mean to be emphatic? (hum) and who emphasised the concept?

Answer 24

to share and mirror another persons feeling. Carl Rogers believed that people nurture growth in growth by being emphatic.

Question 25

What is a trait in Trait Theory?

Answer 25

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Question 26

Eysenck’s two personality dimension includes..

Answer 26

extraversion/introversion and emotional stability/ instability

Question 27

Personallity inventory (TT)

Answer 27

a questionnaire (often with true-false og agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Question 28

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

Answer 28

the most widely researched and clinnically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropiate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. (se hvordan du falder uden for normen > det gennemsnittet har svaret)

Question 29

Empirically derived test?

Answer 29

a test (eg MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups-

Question 30

What are the ‘Big Five’ personality factors?

Answer 30

(think CANOE)
Conscientiousness (organized/disorganized) 
Agreeableness (soft/ruthless)
Neuroticism (emotional stabil/instable)
Openness (practical/imaginatative)
Extravertion (retiering/sociable)

Question 31

How well do personality test scores predict our behavior?

Answer 31

it predicts our average behaviour not specific in a given situation.

Question 32

Social-cognetive perspective?

Answer 32

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between peoples traits (including their thinking) and their social context. * Bandura

Question 33

Resiprocal Determinism (SCP)

Answer 33

the interacting influence of behavior, internal cognition and environment.

Question 34

Personal control (SCP)

Answer 34

the extent to which we percieve control over our environment

Question 35

External locus of control (SCP)

Answer 35

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Question 36

Internal locus of control (SCP)

Answer 36

the perception that you control your own fate.

Question 37

Self-control (SCP)

Answer 37

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term reward.

Question 38

learned helplessness (SCP)

Answer 38

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Question 39

What is Positive Psychology?

Answer 39

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aim to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enables individuals and communities to thrive.

Question 40

See table …

Answer 40

p 543

Question 41

What is the best way to predict a persons futur behavior?

Answer 41

examin the persons past behavior patterns in similar situations

Question 42

Self means?

Answer 42

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer og our thoughts, feelings and actions.

Question 43

the Spotlight Effect?

Answer 43

Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance and blunders (as we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Question 44

explain self-esteem

Answer 44

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

Question 45

explain self-serving bias

Answer 45

a readiness to persive oneself favorably

Question 46

deffine narcissism

Answer 46

excessive self-love abd self-absorbation

Question 47

Trade perspective focus on describing personality but do not provide an

Answer 47

explanation

Question 48

Personality is also biologically based, give 3 examples

Answer 48

• Genes
• Brain (structures, connection and size of frontal lope)
• Neurotransmitters