CHAP 15

Question 1

Humans have what to certain pathogens as well as three overlapping lines of defense.

Answer 1

Species Resistance

Question 2

The first two lines of defense comprise of? which is generally nonspecific and protects the body against a wide variety of potential pathogens.

Answer 2

Innate Immunity

Question 3

The third line of defense in which each response is specifically generated against each particular antigen.

Answer 3

Adaptive immunity

Question 4

The first line of defense includes the skin, composed of an?

Answer 4

outer epidermis and a deeper dermis

Question 5

What devours pathogens?

Answer 5

Dendritic cells

Question 6

Sweat glands of the skin produce salty sweat containing the enzyme called? which are small peptide chains that act against a broad range of pathogens.

Answer 6

lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides (defensins)

Question 7

is an oily substance of the skin that lowers pH, deterring the growth of many pathogens.

Answer 7

Sebum

Question 8

another part of the body’s first line of defense, are composed of tightly packed cells that are replaced frequently by stem cell division and often coated with sticky mucus secreted by goblet cells.

Answer 8

The mucous membranes

Question 9

contain antibacterial lysozyme and also flush invaders from the eyes.

Answer 9

Tears

Question 10

protects the teeth.

Answer 10

Saliva

Question 11

What pH of the stomach inhibits most microbes that are swallowed.

Answer 11

Low

Question 12

the competition between the microbi- ome and potential pathogens, also contributes to the body’s first line of defense.

Answer 12

Competitive inhibition

Question 13

is a beneficial microbe administered to improve health or prevent disease.

Answer 13

Probiotic

Question 14

act against pathogens on the skin and mucous membranes and in neutrophils.

Answer 14

Antimicrobial peptides (defensins)

Question 15

What line of defense includes cells (especially phagocytes), antimicrobial chemicals (Toll-like receptors, NOD proteins, interferons, complement, lysozyme, and antimicrobial peptides), and processes (phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever).

Answer 15

Second

Question 16

is composed of formed elements (cells and parts of cells) within a fluid called plasma.

Answer 16

Blood

Question 17

It is that portion of plasma without clotting factors.

Answer 17

Serum

Question 18

The three formed elements.

Answer 18

erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
platelets.

Question 19

Based on their appearance in stained blood smears, leukocytes are grouped as either

Answer 19

granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils)

agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).

Question 20

When monocytes leave the blood, they become

Answer 20

Macrophages

Question 21

This function to release histamine during inflammation, whereas eosinophils and neutrophils phagocytize pathogen.

Answer 21

Basophils

Question 22

All three exit capillaries via

Answer 22

Diapedesis

Question 23

are phagocytic cells of the second line of defense.

Answer 23

Macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

Question 24

is a lab technique that indicates the relative numbers of leukocyte types; it can be helpful in diagnosing disease.

Answer 24

differential white blood cell count

Question 25

**Chemotactic factors** such as chemicals called what that attract phagocytic leukocytes to the site of damage or invasion.

Answer 25

Chemokines

Question 26

Phagocytes attach to pathogens via a process called

Answer 26

Adhesion

Question 27

**Opsonization**, the coating of pathogens by proteins called? makes those pathogens more vulnerable to phagocytes.

Answer 27

Opsonins

Question 28

A phagocyte’s pseudopods then surround the microbe to form a sac called what which fuses with a lysosome to form a **phagolysosome** in which the pathogen is killed.

Answer 28

Phagosome