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NSG 20 > CHAP 14 > Flashcards

CHAP 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes live with their hosts in

A

Symbiotic relationships

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2
Q

both members benefit;

A

Mutualism

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3
Q

a parasite benefits while the host is harmed.

A

Parasitism

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4
Q

one member is harmed while the second is neither harmed nor helped

A

Amensalism

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5
Q

more rarely, in which one member benefits while the other is relatively unaffected.

A

Commensalism

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6
Q

Any parasite that causes disease is called ?

A

Pathogen

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7
Q

Organisms making up the ________ live in and on the body.

A

Microbiome

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8
Q

Microbes comes from two different microbiota, identify.

A

resident microbiota, whereas others are transient microbiota.

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9
Q

cause disease when the immune system is suppressed

A

Opportunistic Pathogens

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10
Q

It is affected by certain changes in the body, or when
a member of the normal microbiome is introduced into an area of the body unusual for that microbe.

A

microbial antagonism (microbial competition).

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11
Q

Living and nonliving continuous sources of infectious disease are called

A

reservoirs of infection.

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12
Q

Animal reservoirs harbor agents
of_______, which are diseases of animals that may be spread to humans via direct contact with the animal or its waste products or via an arthropod. Humans may be asymptomatic carriers.

A

Zoonoses

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13
Q

are inanimate objects, including soil, water, and food.

A

Nonliving reservoirs of infection

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14
Q

refers to the mere presence of microbes in or on the body or object.

A

Microbial contamination

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15
Q

Microbial contaminants include harmless resident and transient members of the microbiome as well as pathogens, which after a successful invasion cause an?

A

Infection

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16
Q

Portals of entry of pathogens into the body include skin, mucous membranes, and the placenta. These portals may be bypassed via what route? by which microbes are directly deposited into deeper tissues.

A

Parenteral route

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17
Q

Pathogens attach to cells is a process called?

A

Adhesion

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18
Q

variety of structures or attachment proteins called

A

Adhesion Factors

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19
Q

Some bacteria and viruses lose the ability to make adhesion factors called.

A

Adhesins

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20
Q

Some bacteria and viruses lose the ability to make adhesion factors that become?

A

Avirulent

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21
Q

Some bacteria interact to produce a sticky web of cells and poly- saccharides called what that adheres to a surface.

A

Biofilm

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22
Q

What is the other term for disease?

A

Morbidity

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23
Q

is a condition sufficiently adverse to interfere with normal functioning of the body.

A

Disease/Morbidity

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24
Q

are subjectively felt by a patient.

A

Symptoms

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25
Q

an outside observer can observe what?

A

Signs

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26
Q

a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterizes a particular abnormal condition.

A

Syndrome

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27
Q

These infections may go unnoticed because of the absence of symptoms, even though clinical tests might reveal signs of disease.

A

Asymptomatic or Subclinical

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28
Q

the study of the cause of a disease.

A

Etiology

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29
Q

Nineteenth-century microbiologists proposed what

A

Germ theory of disease

30
Q

Robert Koch developed a series of essential conditions called what to prove the cause of infectious diseases.

A

Koch’s postulates

31
Q

It is a microorganism’s ability to cause disease.

A

Pathogenicity

32
Q

measure of pathogenicity

A

Virulence

33
Q

What are adhesion factors, extracellular enzymes, toxins, and antiphagocytic factors, affect the relative ability of a pathogen to infect and cause disease.

A

Virulence Factors

34
Q

is the presence in the blood of poisons called toxins.

A

Toxemia

35
Q

They are secreted by pathogens into their environment.

A

Exotoxins

36
Q

are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) released from the cell wall of dead and dying Gram-negative bacteria and can have fatal effects.

A

Endotoxins

37
Q

The toxic portion of LPS is the lipid, called what?

A

Lipid A

38
Q

are antibodies the host forms against exotoxins.

A

Antitoxins

39
Q

The disease process the stages of infectious diseases typically consists of what?

A

incubation
prodromal
illness
decline
convalescence.

IPIDC

40
Q

What portal such as the nose, mouth, and urethra, allow pathogens to leave the body and are of interest in studying the spread of disease.

A

Portals of Exit

41
Q

infectious diseases involves person-to-person spread by body contact.

A

Direct contact transmission

42
Q

Transmission of pathogens via inanimate objects (called fomites) is called?

A

Indirect contact transmission

43
Q

occurs when pathogens travel less than 1 meter in droplets of mucus to a new host as a result of speaking, coughing, or sneezing.

A

Droplet transmission

44
Q

involves airborne, waterborne, and foodborne transmission.

A

Vehicle Transmission

45
Q

are clouds of water droplets that travel more than 1 meter in airborne transmission.

A

Aerosols

46
Q

This result from drinking sewage-contaminated water or from ingesting fecal contaminants.

A

Fecal-Oral Infection

47
Q

the spread of pathogens via blood, urine, saliva, or other fluids.

A

Bodily Fluid Transmission

48
Q

transmit pathogens between hosts.

A

Vectors

49
Q

This Vector are animals, usually biting arthropods, that serve as both host and vector of pathogens

A

Biological Vectors

50
Q

This vector are not hosts to the pathogens they carry.

A

Mechanical Vectors

51
Q

There are various ways in which infectious disease may be grouped and studied.True or False

A

True

52
Q

When grouped by time course and sever- ity, disease may be described as?

A

Acute
Subacute
Chronic
Latent

53
Q

When an infectious disease comes either directly or indirectly from another host, it is considered a

A

Communicable disease

54
Q

If a communicable disease is easily transmitted from a reservoir or patient, it is called a?

A

Contagious disease

55
Q

This disease arise either from outside of hosts or from members of the microbiome.

A

Noncommunicable disease

56
Q

the study of where and when diseases occur and of how they are transmitted within populations.

A

Epidemiology

57
Q

Epidemiologists track what of a disease?

A

Incidence (number of new cases)
Prevalence (total number of cases)

58
Q

Epidemiologists classify disease outbreaks as usually present.

A

Endemic

59
Q

Epidemiologists classify disease outbreaks as occasional

A

Sporadic

60
Q

Epidemiologists classify disease outbreaks as more cases than usual.

A

Epidemic

61
Q

Epidemiologists classify disease outbreaks as epidemic on more than one continent

A

Pandemic

62
Q

It is the careful recording of data concerning a disease

A

Descriptive epidemiology

63
Q

the first case of the disease in a given area or population.

A

Index Case

64
Q

seeks to determine the probable cause of a disease.

A

Analytical Epidemiology

65
Q

involves testing a hypothesis resulting from analytical studies.

A

Experimental Epidemiology

66
Q

These are acquired by patients or workers in health care facilities.

A

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) (nosocomial infections)

healthcare-associated diseases (nosocomial diseases)

67
Q

It is acquired from the health care environment.

A

Exogenous HAI’s

68
Q

they are derived from the normal microbiome that become opportunistic while in the hospital setting

A

Endogenous HAI’s

69
Q

These infections are induced by treatment or medical procedures.

A

Iatrogenic infections

70
Q

Public health organizations, such as the World Health Organiza- tion (WHO), use epidemiological data to promulgate rules and standards for clean, potable water and safe food; to prevent disease by controlling vectors and animal reservoirs; and to educate people to make healthy choices concerning the prevention of disease.

True or False

A

True

NSG 20 (20 decks)

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