chap 13 Flashcards
What are the differences between and independent and an interdependent view of the self?
Independant:
- Mainly seen in European-American cultures
- Person is an entity that can be characterized as a kind of “container” within which are stored a collection of psychological traits that are the cause of the person’s actions
→ in independent culture, we are mainly seeking our own individual rights, happiness and goals
Interdependent:
- People are construed in terms of their roles with family and social relationships
- The cultural system emphasizes the responsibilities that are inherent in one’s position within these relationships, rather than highlighting the individual person’s self-centered pursuit of happiness
- Behaviour is not explained in terms of autonomous mental traits that reside in the person’s head
→ People explain behaviour in terms of networks of social obligations (p.ex: seeing high conscientiousness means being a caregiver, some type of helping role)
East Asians are less likely to make efforts to maintain a high sense of ___ ___; Instead, ___ ___ functions as a salient motive to do better.
Personal esteem; self-criticism
True or false: In East Asia people are not more intrinsically motivated to engage in tasks when they choose them personally
True: Instead, experience greater intrinsic motivation when choices are made by authority figures or trusted peers (interdependent view of the self)
How does the culture in Bali differ to Western culture? Specifically regarding to labels.
- In Bali, the label that people use to describe themselves is not a unique, personal name
- Personal names are treated as very private
- Terms for referring to people make reference to
→ Family members (a person is “Mother-of-______________”)
→ Social status (which strongly defines how the person should be treated)
→ Social roles (e.g., village chief, caregiver)
What are the 4 types of causal attributions?
Internal, external, stable, unstable
What are the causal attributions made typically in individualistic/independant cultures?
- Individualistic cultures emphasize personality traits and view individuals as being responsible for their own actions
→ we assign our own failures to external factors, but others failures to internal factors
What are the causal attributions made typically in interdependent/collectivist cultures?
- Collectivistic cultures are more attentive to the situational context in which behaviour occurs and view people as part of the larger groups to which they belong
What does it mean to be capable of frame-switching?
Bicultural people can change the culturally grounded framework through which they interpret any given event.
How was frame-switching manipulated in Chinese-American individuals?
- Individuals who have lived long enough in two different cultures that they have internalized the belief systems of both
- Stimuli that cognitively prime one versus another cultural frame can influence the bicultural individual’s subsequent thinking processes
–> In Chinese-Americans, they were primed with either a chinese dragon or an american flag; they responded to the event accordingly
What are the differing impacts of academic passions for independent and interdependent cultures?
- In this study, they correlated levels of passion with levels of success in class in math and science
- Countries including the US, the UK, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, and Denmark: the correlation was high (>0.4)
→ intrinsic motivation is more important in these cultures - Countries including Indonesia, Thailand, Columbia, and Peru: the correlation was relatively low (<0.2)
→ intrinsic motivation is less important in these cultures for autonomous motivations, this explains why passion isn’t correlated with success
What is the importance of connection to culture for Indigenous peoples?
- Strong connection to Indigenous culture is protective against negative outcomes often associated with high-risk indigenous adolescents, including low self-esteem, social and physical aggression
→ Those who feel a sense of belonging toward their cultural group have less engagement in delinquent behaviour (especially for indigenous people) - Adolescent well-being is contingent on having a self that is understood as continuous over time, with connections both to the past and to the future
→ indigenous youth may suffer in their well-being if unable to connect to their past
→ if you feel like you aren’t connected to anything you may struggle to figure out where you’re going in the future
Identify the important contexts for studying Indigenous youth.
- Research regarding the personality development of Indigenous youth is framed within a strength-based approach: emphasis is on resilience and well-being
- Focus on resilience overshadows the breadth and depth of personality constructs and conceptualizations of personality development
- Indigenous youth have lives and cultures that are richer and more fulfilling than can be encapsulated solely with regard to the trials faced by their ancestors and them
→ it’s important to not only focus on the trauma they have gone through, but also to look into the positive aspects
Identify issues with Indigenous representation.
- Common representations of Indigenous groupings limits the ability of Indigenous people to see the uniqueness and successes of their particular communities
→ Exposure to stereotypical mascots has been associated with significantly depressed state self-esteem and with depressed feelings of community worth among Indigenous youth
→ even if it’s a mascot that represents positive qualities, it creates a certain disconnect between the person and the stereotype which is supposed to “represent” them but they don’t identify with it
What were the results of Lynam and colleagues’ (2000) study on impulsivity and SES?
- They studied a large sample of 13-year-olds in Pittsburgh who lived in neighborhoods ranging from low to high socioeconomic status (SES)
→ In poor neighborhoods: high-impulsive individuals were more likely than low- impulsive individuals to become involved in delinquent behaviours
→ In affluent neighborhoods: high- and low- impulsive individuals did not differ in delinquency
→ there’s a type of protective behaviour because maybe they don’t have to engage in these delinquent behaviours or their impulsivity is expressed in a less delinquent manner
What does the socioemotional selectivity theory explain?
- Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory: People are aware of the opportunities and constraints associated with different points in the life course
→ This awareness of time influences one’s life goals
→ For the younger adult, it makes sense to focus on the future
→ If one sees oneself as being near the end of life, it is more reasonable to select and focus one’s energies on one or two goals that have an immediate positive impact on one’s life
→ Hypothesis: the older adult will be more likely than the younger adult to invest energy into a small, select set of social relationships that enhance emotional experience in that moment, in the present
