chap 12 Flashcards
organizing ideas topically
recency
primacy
complexity
organization by time or sequence
chronological organization
organization according to location, position, or direction
spatial organization
organization by discussing a situation and its causes, or a situation and its effects
cause- and effect organization
organization by discussing first a problem and then various solutions
problem- solution organization
organization from specific information to a more general statement or from a general statement to specific information,
specificity
illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, and opinions
soft evidence
statistics
hard evidence
a verbal or nonverbal organizational sign
signpost
a statement of what is to come
preview
first statement of the main ideas of a speech, usually presented with or near the central idea
initial preview
a preview within the speech that introduces ideas still to come
internal preview
a word phrase or nonverbal cue that indicates movement form one idea to the next or the relationship between ideas
transition
a word or phrase that indicates the relationship between two ideas
verbal transition
a facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement that indicates that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next
nonverbal transition
a recap of what has been said
summary
a recap within the speech of what has been said so far
internal summary
a recap of all the main points of a speech, usually occurring just before or during the conclusion
final summary
opening lines of a speech which must catch the audience’s attention, introduce the topic, give the audience a reason to listen, establish the speaker’s credibility, state the central idea, and preview the main ideas
introduction
closing lines of a speech which leave a final impression
conclusion
the sense that a speech in finished
closure
a detailed outline of a speech that includes the central ideas, and supporting material and may also include specific purpose, introduction, and conclusion
preparation outline
conventional use of numbered and lettered headings and subheadings to indicate the relationships among parts of a speech
standard outline format
