Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam 9 - 12 > Chap 12 > Flashcards

Chap 12 Flashcards

1
Q

spinal cord where thicker than the rest called, cervical and lumbar _______.

A

enlargements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

spinal cord is composed of (4 nerves);

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

spinal cord has _____ pairs of spinal nerves.

A

31 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of ____ pair of cranial nerves and ____ pair of spinal nerves.

A

12, 31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

meninges layer from superficial to deep;

A
  1. epidural space
  2. dura mater (thickest)
  3. subdural space (serous fluid)
  4. arachnoid (thin, wispy) mater
  5. subarachnoid space (blood vessels & cerebrospinal fluid)
  6. pia mater (tightly attached to spinal cord)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

structure of nerves;

A
  • delicate connective tissue surrounds a single axon and its schwann cell= endoneurium
  • group of axons form= fascicles
  • heavier connective tissue surrounds a nerve fascicle= perineurium
  • third layer of dense connective tissue surrounds a nerve= epineurium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

functions of spinal cord;

A
  • link between brain and PNS
  • integrates information
  • responses through reflex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

5 reflex components;

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. interneuron
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector organ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

reflex arc 5 components;

A 
1. sensory receptor 
detects a stimula
2. sensory neuron 
conducts action potential to the CNS
3. interneuron
in the spinal cord, sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron
4. motor neuron
interneuron synapse with motor neuron
5. effector organ 
motor neuron conducts action potential to an effector organ (skeletal muscle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

muscle of the hyoid, skin of the neck, posterior portion of the head, the diaphragm are innervated (supplied) by;

A

cervical plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

characteristics of stretch reflexes;

A
  • control posture

- does not involve an interneuron(=sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

gamma motor neuron stimulates;

A

contraction of muscle spindles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

muscle spindle is;

A

sensory receptor of a stretch reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

alpha motor neuron;

A

stimulates muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

characteristics of reflexes;

A
  • homeostatic
  • can be influenced by higher brain centers
  • integrated within the CNS
  • produce consistent results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stretch reflex cause muscle to;

P.406

A

contract

- control posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Golgi tendon reflex cause muscles to;

A

relax

  • inhibition of alpha motor neurons
  • happen at tendon; prevents excessive tension to tendons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

withdrawal reflex event;

A
  1. pain receptors detect a painful stimulus
  2. sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord
  3. sensory neuron synapses with an excitatory interneuron
  4. excitatory interneuron synapses with an alpha motor neuron
  5. muscle contracts
  6. a body part is withdrawn from the painful stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

region of the spinal cord where it tapers to a point;

A

medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

5 plexus;

P.411

A
  • cervical 4
  • brachial 5 (C5-T1)
  • lumbar 4 (L1-L4)
  • sacral 5 (L5-S4)
  • coccygeal 2 (S5-Co)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Golgi tendon reflex;

P.407

A
  • promotes muscle relaxation
  • involves an inhibitory interneuron
  • inhibits contraction to prevent excessive damage to tendons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dura mater

A

thickest layer of the meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

arachnoid mater

A

thin, web-like layer of the meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pia mater

A

thin layer of meninges bound tightly to the surface of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

subarachnoid space is filled with;

A
  • blood vessels

- cerebrospinal fluid

26
Q

subdural space

A
  • space containing serous fluid

- space between dura and arachnoid

27
Q

epidural space

A
  • a space separates wall of the vertebral canal and the dura mater
  • contains spinal nerve roots, blood vessels, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue
28
Q

reflex of opposite limb when one limb flexor muscle contracts;

A

crossed extensor reflex

29
Q

bundle of ______ (axons) is surrounded by ________.

A

fascicle

perineurium

30
Q

Tibial nerve and common fibular nerve form;

A

sciatic nerve

= the largest peripheral nerve

31
Q

smallest, simplest portion of nervous system receives a stimulus and produces response;

A

reflex arc

32
Q

withdrawal reflex

A
  • promotes the removal of a body part from a painful stimulus
  • contains pain receptor
  • excitatory interneuron synapses with an alpha motor neuron
33
Q

brain and spinal cord is surrounded by connective tissue called;

A

meninges

34
Q

spinal reflex can;

A
  • be influenced by descending tracts

- interact with ascending tracts

35
Q

basic unit of nervous system is;

A

neuron

36
Q

ventral rami (ramus);

A
  • form intercostal nerves

- innervate the intercostal muscles and the skin over the thorax

37
Q

deepest meningeal layer tightly attached to the spinal cord and brain is;

A

pia mater

38
Q

phrenic nerve;

A

cervical plexus

- innervates diaphragm

39
Q

axillary nerve;

A

shoulder

  • teres minor
  • deltoid
40
Q

radial nerve;

A

posterior arm, forearm, hand

41
Q

ulnar nerve

A

medial side of hand (half)

42
Q

median nerve innervate;

A
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • flexor policis longus
43
Q

what is Golgi tendon organs?

A

nerve endings in tendons

44
Q

dorsal roots contain;

A
  • sensory axons

- unipolar neurons

45
Q

ventral roots contain;

A

motor axons & multipolar neurons (that innervate skeletal muscle)

46
Q

spinal nerve has;

A

both sensory and motor

axons/axons of both unipolar and multipolar neurons

47
Q

lateral horn contains;

A

cell bodies of multi-polar neurons of the autonomic system: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, involuntary ( parasympathetic & sympathetic)

48
Q

spinal reflexes can;

A
  • be influenced by descending tracts

- interact with ascending tracts

49
Q

monosynaptic reflex;

A

sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons

50
Q

polysynaptic reflex;

A
  • complex pathway

- 1 or more interneurons between the sensory and motor neurons

51
Q

reciprocal innervation;

A

relaxation of extensor muscle while opposing flexor muscle contract

52
Q

ventral rami;

A

innervate intercostal muscles and skin over thorax

53
Q

white matter consists;

A

myelinated axons

54
Q

gray matter consists;

A
  • cell bodies of neurons
  • dendrites
  • Myelinated axons
55
Q

area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by spinal nerves;

A

= dermatome / dermatomal map

56
Q

dorsal root contain;

A

sensory axons

57
Q

ventral root contain;

A

motor axons

58
Q

PNS General disorders;

A

Anesthesia - loss of sensation

  • hyperesthesia : sensitivity to pain, light, pressure
  • paresthesia : tingling, burning
  • Neuralgia : nerve inflammation, stabbing pain
  • sciatica : radiating paying back of thigh/leg
59
Q

PNS Infections

A
  • herpes : herpesvirus / inflammation of skin
  • shingles / herpes zoster : one spot/certain receptor
  • poliomyelitis : infantile paralysis
60
Q

PNS genetic and autoimmune disorders

A
  • myasthenia gravis = result in fatigue and muscular weakness due to inadequate ACh receptors
61
Q

What is reflex?

A

Basic unit of nervous system and simplest portion of receiving stimulus and producing response.

Exam 9 - 12 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions