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Exam 9 - 12 > Chap 11 > Flashcards

Chap 11 Flashcards

1
Q

group of nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called:

A

ganglia/ganglion

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2
Q

category of cells of the nervous system that support and protect neurons are called;

A

neuroglia

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3
Q

functions of the nervous system

A
  • control muscles and glands
  • integrate information
  • receive sensory input
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4
Q

a gap junction that allows an ionic current to flow between cells =

A

electrical synapse

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5
Q

a synapse where one cell releases a neurotransmitter to communicate with another cell =

A

chemical synapse

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6
Q

nerve is defined as a bundle of =

A

axons within the peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

peripheral nervous system components;

A
  • sensory receptors
  • nerves
  • ganglia
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8
Q

propagation means =

A

travel ( across the plasma membrane)

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9
Q

propagation of action potential in unmyelinated axon;

A
  1. initial action potential produced at a trigger zone
  2. action potential generates local currents
  3. depolarization of close areas of the membrane
  4. threshold reached in close areas of the membrane
  5. new action potential produced
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10
Q

a cluster(group) of cell bodies and their dendrites in CNS

A

nucleus

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11
Q

a cluster(group) of cell bodies and their dendrites in PNS

A

ganglion

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12
Q

bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in CNS

A

tract

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13
Q

bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in PNS

A

Nerve

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14
Q

convergent pathways;

A

Many presynaptic neurons synapse/converge with smaller number of post synaptic neurons

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15
Q

divergent pathways;

A

Small number of presynaptic neurons synapse with large number of postsynaptic neurons

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16
Q

neurons arranged in a circular fashion that are repeatedly stimulated to produce action potentials;

A

oscillating circuit

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17
Q

3 major structures of neurons are;

A
  • multipolar = many dendrites and 1 axon
  • bipolar = 1 dendrites and 1 axon
  • pseudo-unipolar = no dendrites and 1 axon
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18
Q

within a chemical synapse, the receptors bind to very specific ____.

A

ligands

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19
Q

neuron consists of;

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
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20
Q

neurons conduct action potentials toward CNS;

A

sensory neurons

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21
Q

neurons condyct action potentials away from the CNS toward muscles or glands;

A

motor neurons

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22
Q

neurons conduct action potentials from one neuron to another within the CNS;

A

interneurons

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23
Q

Action Potential (order);

A
  1. Stimulus open voltage-gated sodium gates open, Na+ rush into cells.
  2. threshold is reached
  3. depolarization spike until +35 millivolts
  4. repolarization=positively charged potassium ions exit the cell, inside cell become negative again
  5. afterpotential
  6. resting membrane potential (=electrical charge difference) re-established; inside of the plasma membrane is negative than the outside.
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24
Q

activities of CNS associated with action potentials;

A
  • perception (understand/notice) of pain
  • control a muscle or gland
  • remember names
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25
Q

2 type of cells make up the nervous system are;

A
  • neurons

- neuroglia (supportive)

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26
Q

central nervous system consists of;

A

brain, and spinal cord

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27
Q

peripheral nervous system consists of:

A

sensory receptors
nerves
ganglia
plexuses

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28
Q

autonomic motor nerves;

A
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

- signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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29
Q

somatic nervous system;

A

efferent (motor); signals to skeletal muscles, voluntary control

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30
Q

afferent division;

A

sensory nerves of PNS

carry sensory information into brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

efferent division;

A

motor nerves of PNS

carry motor information from CNS to effectors

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32
Q

enteric nervous system;

of Autonomic nervous system in PNS

A

controls digestive tract

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33
Q

intracellular fluid has the same number of positive and negative charges, therefore electrically;

A

neutral

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34
Q

dendrite =

A

cytoplasmic extensions that are short, highly breached (often).

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35
Q

multi-polar neuron =

A

neuron with many dendrites and 1 axon.

36
Q

bipolar neuron =

A

neuron with 1 dendrite and 1 axon

37
Q

electrical signals that are propagated along axons, regulating and coordinating body activities are;

A

action potentials

38
Q

negatively charged proteins are synthesized inside the cell, too large to diffuse across the plasma membrane. They remain;

A

inside the cell.

39
Q

response to stimuli, memories, emotions, perception are all due to

A

action potentials (electrical signals)

40
Q

enlarged portion of a neuron contains nucleus and other organelles;

A

cell body / soma

41
Q

transmits action potentials away from the cell body;

A

axon

42
Q

receives stimuli and generates local potentials;

A

dendrite

43
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum of a neuron responsible for protein synthesis;

A

nissl body

44
Q

branches of axon

A

collaterals

45
Q

in the CNS, gray mater on the surface of the brain is called _____, clusters of gray mater located deeper within the brain are called _____.

A

cortex, nuclei

46
Q

in the PNS, a cluster of neuron cell bodies is called a _____ .

A

ganglion

47
Q

white mater (bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths) of CNS forms;

A

nerve tracts

48
Q

in the PNS, bundles of axons and their connective tissue sheaths are called;

A

nerves

49
Q

synaptic vesiclescles contain chemicals called;

A

neurotransmitters

50
Q

chemical synapse event;

P.385

A
  1. an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal
  2. voltage gated Ca++ channels open
  3. Ca++ diffuses into the presynaptic terminal
  4. neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
  5. neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, opens a ligand-gated Na+ channel
  6. depolarization (Na+ diffuses into cell) or hyprpolarization (K+ or Cl- diffuses out of the cell) of the postsynaptic membrane occurs
51
Q

molecule that binds to a receptor (such as a neurotransmitter or a hormone) =

A

ligand

52
Q

action potential characteristics;

A
  • all-or-none
  • propagate in a non-decremental (not decreased) fashion
  • strength of the stimulus determine the frequency of the action potentials (not the number of stimuli)
53
Q

hyperpolarization;

A

charge inside the plasma membrane becomes more negative.

54
Q

electrical signals produced by cells, called ________ transfer information from one part of the body to another.

A

action potentials

55
Q

plexus =

A

extensive network of axons / neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

56
Q

junction between a neuron and another cell is;

A

synapse

57
Q

graded potentials characteristics

A
  • size due to the strength of the stimulus.
  • summation occurs when effects of one graded potential is added to another
  • depolarization can cause an action potential
58
Q

astrocytes =

A
  • star shaped neuroglia in CNS
  • regulate extracellular brain fluid composition
  • blood-brain barrier=tight junction to protect brain blood vessels
59
Q

functions of astrocytes;

A
  • extracellular brain fluid composition
  • cover surfaces of blood vessels and neurons / b.b.barrier
  • wall off injured CNS tissue to limit spread of inflammation
60
Q

ion channel that opens when a specific electrical current is present on the cell membrane is;

A

voltage-gated

61
Q

ciliated, lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord help move cerebrospinal fluid, and production of cerebrospinal fluid;

A

ependymal cells

62
Q

Neuroglia of CNS that form myelin sheaths surround axons;

A

oligodendrocytes

63
Q

effect of one graded potential is added to the effect of another;

A

summation

64
Q

ions that have higher concentration in the extracellular fluid;

A
  • Ca++
  • Cl-
  • Na+
    Calcium, chlorine, sodium
65
Q

a gap junction allows local ionic current to flow between adjacent cells;

A

electrical synapse

66
Q

neurotransmitters released by action potential in presynaptic terminal;

A

chemical synapse

67
Q

electrical synapse event;

A
  1. an action potential occurs within the membrane of an initial cell
  2. a local current is generated
  3. local current flows through a gap junction
  4. this stimulates the production of action potential in an adjacent cell
68
Q

Wrap around potion of only 1 axon to form myelin sheath (within PNS);

A

schwann cells

69
Q

Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, provide support and nutrients;

A

satellite cells

70
Q

myelinated axons;

A
  • myelin protects and insulates axons

- action potentials jump from a node of Ranvier to the next, conduction is much faster

71
Q

unmyelinated axons;

A
  • slow conduction
72
Q

Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump

A
  1. three Na+ and ATP bind to the carrier molecule
  2. ATP breaks down to ADP and phosphate, releases energy. carrier molecule changes shape, and Na+ are transported across the membrane.
  3. Na+ diffuse away from the carrier molecule, two K+ bind to the carrier molecule, and the phosphate is released.
  4. Carrier molecule resumes original shape, transporting K+ across the membrane, and K+ diffuse away from the carrier molecule. The carrier molecule can again bind to Na+ and ATP.
73
Q

membrane permeability;

A
  • nongated K+ channel = always open
  • gated Na+ channel = closed
  • nongated Cl- channel = always open
74
Q

ligand-gated ion channels;

A

open or close in rsponse to ligand biding to receptor as ACh

75
Q

voltage-gated ion channels;

A

open or close in response to small voltage _______

76
Q

resting membrane potential characteristics;

A
  • number of cherged molucules and ions inside / outside cell nearly equal.
  • concentration of K+ higher inside than outside cell, Na+ higher outside than inside
  • there is very little movement of K+ or other ions across plasma membrane
77
Q

depolarization of RMP;

resting membrane potential

A
  • increase in extracellular K+ concentration

- mvnt of RMP (resting membrane potential) toward zero = more positive

78
Q

hyperpolarization of RMP;

resting membrane potential

A
  • decrease in extracellular K+ concentration

- mvnt of RMP (resting membrane potential) further away from zero = more negative

79
Q

Gray matter of the cerebrum (cortex and deeper nuclei) is made up primarily of;

A

neuron cell bodies

80
Q

neuroglia of CNS that phagocytize dead tissue & foreign substances;

A

microglia

81
Q

ion that is higher concentration in the intracellular fluid is;

A

potassium

82
Q

similarity of EPSP (local depolarization) and IPSP (local hyperpolarization)

A
  • both are graded potentials
  • size of EPSP or IPSP is proportional to the strength of the stimulus
  • they are conducted in a decremental fashion
83
Q

Neuroglia of CNS (4) ;

A
  • astrocytes
  • ependymal cells
  • microglia
  • oligodendrocytes
84
Q

Neuralgia of PNS;

A

Schwann cells , and satellite cells

85
Q

Functional neuron classification;

A
  • sensory/afferent = action potential toward CNS
  • motor/efferent = action potentials away from CNS
  • interneurons/association = within CNS from one neuron to another

Exam 9 - 12 (4 decks)

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