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Chem > Chap 1 - Particles, arrangement, melting points, diffusion > Flashcards

Chap 1 - Particles, arrangement, melting points, diffusion Flashcards

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1
Q

define an Atom

A

The smallest particle that cannot be further broken down.

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2
Q

define a molecule

A

particles made of 2 or more atoms covalently bonded together (can be same or diff. type of atoms)

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3
Q

define a compound

A

2 or more diff. types of atoms chemically bonded together

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4
Q

define an element

A

same type of atoms

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5
Q

define an ion

A

a charged particle

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6
Q

Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid

A

Particles vibrate in fixed positions in a regular structure (lattice)- held together by strong intermolecular forces of attraction

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7
Q

Describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid

A

Particles move around and slide past each other and collide often.- They are close together but not in a lattice. The intermolecular forces that hold them are weaker than that of a solid.

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8
Q

Describe the arrangement of particles in a gas

A

Particles move freely and randomly in all directions, collide less often than liquids- and has intermolecular forces weaker than that of a liquid holding them together.

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9
Q

Is the state rigid
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas

A

a) yes
b) no
c) no

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10
Q

Is the state able to be compressed
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas

A

a) no
b) no
c) yes

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11
Q

Does the state have a fixed shape
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas

A

a) yes
b) no
c) no

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12
Q

Does the state have a fixed volume
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas

A

a) yes
b) yes
c) no

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13
Q

Can the state flow
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas

A

a) no
b) yes
c) yes

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14
Q

define aqueous

A

dissolved in solution

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15
Q

define molten

A

melted

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16
Q

what are the symbols for the states in a word equation
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
d) aqueous

A

a) (s)
b) (l)
c) (g)
d) (aq)

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17
Q

Explain what happens to the temperature during melting

A

During melting, the temperature stays the same because the energy is used to WEAKEN the intermolecular forces and change substance from a solid to a liquid

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18
Q

Explain what happens to the temperature during boiling

A

During boiling, the temperature stays the same because the energy is used to the BREAK DOWN the intermolecular forces and change the substance form a liquid to a gas

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19
Q

what is happening when a solid to a liquid to a gas

A

melting, evaporation/ boiling

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20
Q

what is happening when a gas to a liquid to a solid

A

condensation, freezing

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21
Q

what happens to the line on a graph when one of the process occurs and what is it called

A

the line becomes straight for awhile, heating curve

22
Q

when do particles stop moving

A

at an absolute 0 (-273 degree C)

23
Q

(off topic) define Resolution

A

the smallest reading on a piece of equipment.
eg, stop watch counts 2.05s,, the resolution (smallest reading is 0.05)

24
Q

define volatile

A

turns to a gas easily (low boiling point)

25
Q

define diffusion

A

moment of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration as a result of their random motions

26
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion

A

higher temperature, faster diffusion
more molecular mass, slower diffusion

27
Q

when does collision between gas particles take place

A

always

28
Q

why do gas particles move at different speeds

A

they each have different amount of kinetic energy stored in them

29
Q

what is the SI unit for pressure

A

Newton per meter squared = n/m^2

30
Q

define pressure

A

force acting perpendicular to a surface per unit area

31
Q

define net force

A

total force

32
Q

when do gas particles change direction

A

once they collied with another particle

33
Q

how does gas pressure happen

A

when particles hit a surface, it the right angled to the surface causing a net force and a pressure.

34
Q

what happens when during collision when a particle has high energy.

A

more energy, more force exerted to the other particles when colliding

35
Q

what happens when the temperature is higher

A

higher temperature, more kinetic energy store in particles, increased movement of particles, more collisions

36
Q

what happens when the volume of a container decreases

A

less volume, more collisions of particles

37
Q

what happens when there are more collisions

A

more collisions, more net force, more pressure

38
Q

define a mixture

A

2 or more elements / compounds mixed together that can be separated by physical means

39
Q

describe the structure of an atom

A

Central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, ‘shells’ of electrons

40
Q

the relative charge and mass of protons

A

Relative charge = +1
Relative mass = 1

41
Q

the relative charge and mass of neutrons

A

Relative charge = 0
Relative mass = 1

42
Q

the relative charge and mass of electrons

A

Relative charge = -1
Relative mass = 1/ 2000

43
Q

Define an isotope

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons

44
Q

what affects an element’s chemical properities

A

number of electrons in the outer shell

45
Q

Describe how the movement and arrangement of particles change when water is cooled from 10C to -10C

A

At 10C, the particles slide and move past each other, colliding often in random motion. At -10c, the particles vibrate at fixed positions in a closely packed and regular structure. (Make a comparison)

46
Q

How does air exert a pressure, use kinetic particle theory.

A

When the particles collide on the surface of the bottle, the force is right-angled to the surface of the container, causing a net force which causes a pressure.

47
Q

There is ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride on opposite sides on a closed tube. A white ring forms a bit towards the hydrogen chloride. Suggest why ammonium chloride forms nearer to hydrochloric acid.

A

-The molecular mass of ammonia is less than hydrochloric acid.
-The ammonia particles diffuse faster than hydrogen chloride particles.

47
Q

There is ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride on opposite sides on a closed tube. A white ring forms a bit towards the hydrogen chloride. Suggest why it takes more than 1 minute for the white ring to form.

A

The particles collide with each other so they slow down.

48
Q

uses of cotton wool over top of tube

A

-only gas can pass through
-no liquid can spit out

49
Q

note: always draw number line for change of state

A
50
Q

note: condensation & freezing is exothermic, boiling & evaporation is endothermic

A

Chem (12 decks)

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