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Chem > Chap 10 - organic chem > Flashcards

Chap 10 - organic chem Flashcards

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1
Q

define homologous series

A

family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties because of the same functional group
-physically slightly diff.

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2
Q

define alkanes

A

-saturated hydrocarbons molecules which contain only single covalent bonds
-generally unreactive, except in terms of burning

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3
Q

define alkenes

A

-unsaturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain one double covalent bond

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4
Q

types of functional group surfix (name)

A

-ane
-ene
-ol
-oic acid
-amine

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5
Q

beginning names for naming compounds (uses no. Carbon) & their state in room temp

A

-meth (cannot for ene)
-eth (g)
-prop (g)
-but (g)
-pen (g)
-hex (l)
-hept (l)
-oct (l)
-non (l)

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6
Q

functional group of each homologues series

A

ane - only single covalent bond = saturated hydrocarbon compound
ene - 1 carbon carbon double bond (can be anywhere within the bond), cannot have for meth
ol - has 1 OH
oic acid - has 1 COOH
amine - NH2

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7
Q

general formula for ane, ene, ol

A

ane - C n H 2n+2
ene - C n H 2n
ol - C n H 2n+1 OH
oic acid - C n H 2n+1 COOH

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8
Q

combustion reaction of hydrocarbons

A

incomplete - hydrocarbon + O2 -> CO or C (soot) + H2O
complete - hydrocarbon + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
-balance starting from C to H

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9
Q

reaction of ene to:
1) ane
2) ol

A

use a catalyst like Platinum/ Nickle
-break double bonds & join with H/ OH, all single bonds
1) react with H2 (hydrogenation)
ene + H2 -> ane
2) react with H2O (Steam) - break steam bond to H & OH (hydration)
ene + steam -> ol

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10
Q

define saturated compound

A

compound with only single bonds

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11
Q

test for unsaturated compound (ene)

A

-(halogenation)
-add Br2 (diatomic) to ene
-color changes from orange/ brown to colourless
(decolorizes Br2 solution)
-break double bonds & join with Br, all single bonds - break Br2 bond to Br & Br

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12
Q

why are alkanes used as fuel

A

they release a lot of heat when combusted fully

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13
Q

uses for all hydrocarbons

A

fuel

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14
Q

why does ane, ene, ol & oic acid react differently from each other but react similarly in the same homologues series

A

they have different functional groups. Compounds with similar functional groups have similar chemical prosperities

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15
Q

fermentation reaction of glucose

A

C6 H12 O6 -> 2 C2 H5 OH + 2CO2
1 glucose -> 2 ethanol + 2 carbon dioxide
-anaerobic process
-uses yeast as catalyst & needs warmth (25 -35C)

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16
Q

2 uses of ethanol

A

-solvent
-fuel
(rubbing alcohol, cleaning wounds)

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17
Q

trends in Fractional distillation of crude oil (petroleum) as you go down

A

-contains diff types of anes in diff fractions
-less volatility
-more viscosity
-heavier
-increase in boiling point
-longer chains
-more molecular mass
-more intermolecular forces
-larger the molecule, more intermolecular forces, more energy needed to break them, higher melting/ boiling point

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18
Q

define fossil fuel & its use

A

mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of plants & animals from high temperature & pressure
-they’re combusted to generate electricity

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19
Q

define viscous

A

how fluid (runny) a substance is

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20
Q

define Volatile

A

how easily it turns from liquid to gas

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21
Q

types of fossil fuels

A

-petroleum (crude oil)
-coal
-natural gas, main constitute is methAne

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22
Q

order of fractions in crude oil fractional distillation from lowest boiling point & it use & state in room temp

A

-refinery gas = heating & cooking gas (g)
-petrol oil/ gasoline = fuel in motor vehicle (l)
-naphtha = feedstock for making chemicals (l)
-paraffin oil/ kerosene - fuel for aircrafts (l)
-diesel oil = fuel in diesel engine (l)
-lubricating oil = lubricating machinery (l)
-Fuel oil = fuel for marine engines/ heating (l)
-bitumen = road surfaces (l)

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23
Q

meaning of paraffin

A

anes, all of crude oils

24
Q

what properties of crude oil help it to separate

A

-diff chain lengths
-diff boiling points

25
Q

what type of reaction is with:
-ane
-ene

A

ane = substitution (swapping reaction) because ane has full bonds in every carbon so you swap the H
ene = addition

26
Q

define crude oil

A

-mixture of hydrocarbons which have different chain lengths

27
Q

process of Fractional distillation of crude oil (petroleum)
evaporation & condensation

A

-oil is heated until evaporates into gas
-gases enter a column which is cooler at the top & hotter at the bottom
-gases start to cool & condense until it’s a liquid
-short chained hydrocarbons condense at the top, because of lower boiling points
-longer chained hydrocarbons condense at the bottom, because of higher boiling points
-hydrocarbons are separated into fractions

28
Q

which hydrocarbons from crude oil are used mostly & what do you do with the ones not used

A

-the ones at the top
-cracking the longer chained hydrocarbons

29
Q

process of cracking (ane to (ane) + ene + hydrogen)
produced ene

A

-catalyst (zeolite) + heat (500C)
-thermal decomposition
-breaking long hydrocarbon chains into smaller hydrocarbon chains
-alkane & alkene are produced
-important because shorter chained hydrocarbons are more useful

30
Q

define hydrocarbon

A

compound which contains only hydrogen and carbon

31
Q

define petroleum

A

made up of different chains of alkanes

32
Q

cracking in the lab

A

-a test tube with porcelain chips & mineral wool soaked in paraffin with a tube leading into another test tube under water
-heat the chips
-insoluble gas is released

33
Q

types of polymerization
making macromolecule from many monomers

A

-addition
-condensation

34
Q

define polymer

A

large molecules formed from many small units called monomers
add ( ) n & bonds extending out of brackets to show it’s a polymer
eg. plastic

35
Q

define monomer (ene)

A

-a simple singular molecule
-draw full bond & simplify it to this
-bond: x can be either H or another compound
x x
\ /
C (double bond) C
/ \
x x

36
Q

polymer from addition polymerization

A

-only for ene
-from monomer - break double bond & extend the bonds at the end
-add ( ) n

37
Q

define addition polymerization

A

monomers are added one to another & there’s only 1 product
-only for ene

38
Q

examples of natural polymers
naturally occurring

A

-natural rubber
-protein
-cellulose (in paper)
-keratin (in hair)

39
Q

examples of synthetic polymers (man made)
made in lab

A

-polyester
-polyamide
-PVC (poly vinal chloride)

40
Q

how is carbonic acid functional group drawn COOH
(double to O, single bond to OH)

A

-
O
//
C
\
OH

41
Q

how is amine functional group drawn NH2

A

-
H
/
N
\
H

42
Q

define condensation polymerization

A

-react carboxylic acid with alcohol/ amine
-gives 2 products; hydrocarbon & H20/ HCl/ NH3
-need double functional group so it can react on both ends

43
Q

reaction for carboxylic acid + alcohol

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol -> hydrocarbon + H2O
ester link

44
Q

reaction for carboxylic acid + amine

A

carboxylic acid + amine -> hydrocarbon + H2O
amide link

45
Q

how does an ester link form in singular functional group

A

-H from alcohol + OH from carboxylic acid = H2O
-oxygen form alcohol bonds with C from carboxylic acid
O
||
C - O - C - C
(alcohol ) (carboxylic acid)
-add ( ) n to make polymer

46
Q

how does an amide link form in singular functional group

A

-H from amine + OH from carboxylic acid = H2O
-N form amine bonds with C from carboxylic acid
-(s) - single bond, (d) - double bond
H O
(s) (d)
N —— C
(alcohol ) (carboxylic acid)
-add ( ) n to make polymer

||

47
Q

how does polyester form in double functional group
diol & dicarboxylic acid

A

-H from alcohol + OH from carboxylic acid = H2O
-oxygen form alcohol bonds with C from carboxylic acid
-for both sides
-(s) - single bond, (d) - double bond
-
O O
(d) (d)
O - Carbons - O - C - Carbons - C
-add ( ) n to make polyester

| || ||

48
Q

how does polyamide form in double functional group (nylon)
diamine & dicarboxylic acid

A

-H from amine + OH from carboxylic acid = H2O
-oxygen form amine bonds with C from carboxylic acid
-for both sides
-(s) - single bond, (d) - double bond
-
H H O O
(s) (s) (d) (d)
N - Carbons - N - C - Carbons - C
-add ( ) n to make polyamide

49
Q

why cannot alkanes become polymers

A

-they’re saturated (only have single bonds) so they cannot form any extra bonds

50
Q

what is polythene

A

polymers made form ene
eg. plastic

51
Q

why is there no exact formula for the polymer molecules in polythene

A

polymer molecules contain a huge/almost infinite number of monomer units

52
Q

difference btw addition & condensation polymerization

A

addition - 1 product
condensation - 2 product

53
Q

products of carboxylic acid &:
-alcohol
-amine

A

-ester + water
-amide + water

54
Q

what does nylon and polyamide have in common

A

they both have the same amide linkage

55
Q

why reactions with hydrocarbons use a catalyst & the catalyst name

A

1) changing ane to ene/ ol:
uses Nickle platinum catalyst
2) cracking
uses Zeolite catalyst
3) fermentation of glucose
uses yeast

56
Q

note: when naming compounds, there may be a number in the middle = shows where the double bond is in the ene

A
57
Q

note:
-ane is generally unreactive
-each carbon atom needs 4 bonds
-ene cannot be for meth
-ol is not a hydrocarbon, it is a carbohydrate, only ane & ene
-paraffin from crude oil is used as fuel for aircrafts
-never poly(ethane), always poly (ethEne)
-diff bonds to an Ene have to be attached to the same C bond
-all hydrocarbons can be used as a fuel
-for ester/ amide link = acid - remove OH, amine/ ol - remove H
-naming ester link = acid name + alcohol name eg. ethyl methanoate
-naming amide link = acid name + amine name

A

Chem (12 decks)

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