Chap 1: Historical Context and Present Day Issues Flashcards
What is psychopathology?
Psychopathology is the field of nature and development of abnormal behaviour thoughts and feelings.
What is considered abnormal behaviour and what are the 5 qualities that classify it?
Abnormal behaviour is characterized by statistical infrequency, violation of norms, personal distress, disability or dysfunction and unexpectedness.
What are some different types of careers in the field of treating mental illness?
Clinians provide psychological services and include clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, social workers and counseling psychologists.
Name some issues involving treatment of mental illness in Canada.
Mental health services are underused in Canada and can be inaccessible to some. Debate over prescriptive authority of clinical psychologists.
What is demonology and how was it dealt with during Stone Age and beyond?
Demonology is believe that evil beings can possess people treated using exorcisms or trepanning of skulls
What did Hippocrates believe? Hints: Somatogenesis, 3 categories of mental disorders and four humours.
Hippocrates was the one to separate medicine from religion and superstition beliving in somatogenesis rather than psychogenesis. He used 3 categories of mental disorders, mania, melancholia and phrenitis blaming it on an imbalance in the body’s four humors, blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm.
What marked the beginning of the Dark Ages of mental illness treatment and what did this mean?
The death of Glaen marked the beginning of the dark ages of mental health treatment which heavily involved the church. 13th century Europe was obsessed with witchcraft and witch hunts until municipal authorities began taking over hospitals allowing dangerously insane and incompetant to be confined in hospital.
What were asylums used for in the beginning?
Many leprosy hospitals were converted to asylums filled mostly with beggars forced to work.
What was bedlam and why did tourists enjoy visiting?
In 1547 bedlam hospital opening for mentally ill and tourists enjoyed watching the patients.
Who was Benjamin Rush?
Benjamin Rush was the farther of American psychiatry and believed mental illness was excess blood in brain and lunatics could be cured by scaring them.
Who was Philippe Pinel and what did he do?
Philippe Pinel was the main person to bring humanitarian treatment into asylums in France in La Bicetre.
Who brought Philippe Pinel’s ideas into the US?
William Tuke proposed this for York Retreat in US.
What is moral treatment (Pinel and Tuke)?
moral treatment - close contact with attendants who encouraged them to partake in meaningful activity and residents took responsibility for their disorder within boundaries.
What was often used alongside moral treatment that wasn’t so moral?
Drugs were also used to treat people showing a darker side and causing only ⅓ of people to be discharged.
Who was Dorothea Dix and what did she do?
Dorothea Dix fought for improved conditions for mentally ill and created many state hospitals.
Explain how moral treatment was accepted in Canada and Dorothea Dix’s role.
Moral treatment was attempted in Canada but there was not enough staff to have proper treatment and they had crowded institutions.
Who wrote first Canadian psychology textbook?
J, F Lehman (1840) wrote first textbook published in Canada about caring for mentally ill but he recommended harsh treatments but he did not catch on however treatment in Canada was still brutal.
What happened to the Quebec asylums after the Treaty of Paris?
Quebec had “hospitals” for mentally ill and crippled which used a system marked in Catholicism but following Treaty of Paris, English assumed power over care practices.
During 1840’s to 80’s formal asylums were established with better conditions. Alberta was last to open one. The attendants were usually British trained physicians.
What were the results of the assessments of Quebec asylums?
Assessments were done marking some as good and others as overcrowded where 20% died of ‘general paresis of the insane and phthisis’ Canada now has a 2-tier medical system where wealthy have better access and did then too.
What are the 2 trends in development of institutions in Canada?
Transinstutionaliation has begun where more care is in psychiatric units of hospitals.
What are community treatment orders?
legal tool indicating if a mentally ill person can live in community.
What is empirical approach and when did it occur?
Late middle ages was empirical approach to medicine - knowledge from observation.
Who was Kraepelin and what did he believe (2 major groups of disorders)?
Kraepelin wrote a textbook in 1883 discerning disorders via group of symptoms - syndrome- to appear to have underlying cause. He proposed two major groups of disorders: dementia praecox (schizophrenia) and manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar) - blamed on body imbalances.
What is general paresis?
Many patients in 1798 were showing steady deterioration of physical and mental abilities with many impairments who did not recover.
Explain the germ theory of disease and how this relates to general paresis.
In 1860;s and 70’s Louis Pasteur created germ theory of disease - disease is caused by small organisms. This lead to discovery that syphilis was causing general paresis leading somatogenesis to gain credibility well into 20th century dominating psychology,
