Chap 1 Con't: Ecological theory and Resilience

Question 1

what is critical thinking?

Answer 1

the process by which we question, analyze, or make sense of a situation or set of information

Question 2

what is a theory?

Answer 2

• frameworks, guidelines and a way of thinking

Question 3

what are the theories of adolescence? (6)

Answer 3

1. biological and evolutionary theories
2. psychoanalytic theory
3. cognitive theories
4. learning and social cognitive theories
5. social and anthropological theories
6. ecological theory

Question 4

explain biological and evolutionary theory

Answer 4

• darwinian reproductive fitness
• genetic characteristics that make the survival of one’s offspring more likely will gradually become more common in the population
• adaption over time

Question 5

Part 1: explain psychoanalytic theory and who was the first founder?

Answer 5

• Freud:
  
  • 5 psychosexual stages:
    
    • 1. oral, anal and phallic: sexual drive shifts from one area of the body and gratification sought
    • 2. latency: starts @ 6yrs old: the urge to obtain physical, mental and social skills
    • 3. Genital: physical and hormonal changes of puberty, sexual maturation. Stage ends once the adolescent can emotionally separate from parents
  • personality is developed through conflict of 3 structures of the human mind:
    
    • ID (Trauma based): focuses on instant gratification of basic needs
  • EGO: balances the demands of the ID & SUPEREGO (a mix of conscious and sub conscious)
  • SUPER EGO: Focuses on social rules and morals (conscious)

Question 6

Part 2: explain psychoanalytic theory and who was the second founder and what did he find?

Answer 6

Erikson:

• Psycho social stages
  
  1. trust vs mistrust (0-1yrs old): Achieve trust in the world
  2. Autonomy vs Shame and doubt (1-2yrs old): Achieve independence
  3. Initiative vs Guilt (2-6yr old): Exploring new activities and overcoming conflict
  4. Industry vs Inferiority (6-12yrs old): Mastery of school and social skills
  5. Identity vs Role confusion (12-20yrs old): Achieve a sense of self through personal, social and occupational exploration
     6. Intimacy vs isolation (20-40yrs old): Form intimate relationships w/ family and friends

Question 7

Who were the founders of learning and social cognitive theories?

Answer 7

B.F Skinner and Bandura

Question 8

who founded social and anthropological theories? and what did these theories represent?

Answer 8

Benedict

- understanding similarities and differences of adolescents across cultures

Question 9

what is ecological theory? and what are the 5 systems?

Answer 9

adolescents are affected by nested levels of social groups

1. microsystem- everyday environment
2. mesosystem: interconnections of microsystem
3. exosystem: a more broad environment around a person
4. macrosystem: cultural beliefs and values
5. chronosystem: life span or amount of time you encounter all of these experiences

Question 10

what is resilience?

Answer 10

the capacity to bounce back from change

Question 11

what are protective factors?

Answer 11

-aspects of an adolescents life that INCREASE their potential of navigating a stressful event successfully

Question 12

what are risk factors? what is an example?

Answer 12

• parts of an adolescents life the DECREASE an individuals or family’s coping mechanisms and capacity to deal w/ difficult situations successfully
• ex: poverty, trauma etc