Chap 1 Flashcards
The ability to perform moderate intensity, repetitive, total body movement (walking, jogging, cycling, swimming) over an extended period of time.
Cardiopulmonary fitness/cardiopulmonary endurance
The correct timing and sequencing of muscle firing combined with the appropriate intensity of muscular contraction leading to the effective initiation, guiding, and grading of movement. it is the basis of smooth, accurate, efficient movement and occurs at a conscious or automatic level
Coordination
The ability to move freely, without restriction, used interchangeably with mobility
Flexibility
The ability of structures or segments of the body to move or be moved in order to allow the occurrence of range of motion (ROM) for functional activities (functional ROM). Passive mobility is dependent on soft tissue (contractile and noncontractile) extensibility, in addition, active mobility requires neuromuscular activation
Mobility
The capacity of muscle to produce tension and do physical work. It encompasses strength, power, and muscular endurance
Muscle performance
Interaction of the sensory and motor systems that enables synergists, agonists and antagonists as well as stabilizers and neutralizers to anticipate or respond to proprioceptive and kinesthetic information and subsequently to work in correct sequence to create coordinated movement
Neuromuscular control
Used interchangeably with static or dynamic balance
postural control, postural stability, and equilibrium
the ability of neuromuscular system through synergistic muscle actions to hold a proximal or distal body segment in a stationary position or to control a stable base during superimposed movement. Joint stability is the maintenance of proper alignment of bony partners of a joint by means of passive and dynamic components.
Stability
disablement model tissue cellular level
Nagi: Active pathology
ICIDH: disease
disablement model organ/system level
Nagi/ICIDH: imparment
disablement model: personal level
Nagi; Functional limitation
ICIDH: disability
Disablement model: Societal level
Nagi: disability
ICIDH: Handicap
Components of physical function (6)
- Muscle performance
- Cardiopulmonary fitness
- Mobility/flexibility
- Neuromuscular control/coordination
- Stability
- Balance/postural equibrium
Common physical impairment managed with therapeutic exercise (4)
Musculoskeletal (pain, mm weakness, reduced torque production, decreased muscular endurance, limited ROM due to restriction of joint, periarticular connective tissue, decreased mm length, joint Hypermobility, faulty posture, muscle length/strength imbalance)
Neuromuscular (pain, impaired balance, postural stability or control, incoordination, delayed motor development, abnormal tone, etc)
Cardiovascular pulmonary (decreased aerobic capacity, impaired circulation)
Integumentary (skin hypomobility)
Functional limitations/common activity limitations
reaching and grasping,
lifting, lowering and carrying
….single task
participation restrictions/Disability
self care, mobility in the community, occupational tasks, school related tasks,
multiple tasks affecting ADL, not able to have “normal” life according to the community standard
Category of prevention (3)
- Primary prevention: prevent disease in an at risk population
- Secondary prevention: early diagnosis and reduction of the severity or duration of existing disease and sequelae
3 Tertiary prevention: Rehabilitation to reduce the degree or limit the progression of existing disability and improve multiple aspects of function in persons with chronic, IRREVERSIBLE health conditions
Outcome-oriented model of patient management (5 + 2)
Examination -> Evaluation -> Diagnosis -> Prognosis and plan of care -> intervention
Ongoing….Re-examination, referrals, consultations
4 most comprehensive databases index reports of randomized clinical trials of physical therapy interventions
CENTRAL (Cochrane central registry of controlled traials)
PEDro (physiotherapy evidence database)
PubMed
EMBASE (excerpta Medica database). Only PEDro exclusively reports trials, reviews and practice guidelines pertinent to physical therapy
patient related instruction
a therapist helps a patient learn how to reduce his or her impairments and functional deficits to get better by becoming an active participant in the rehabilitation process
Types of motor tasks (3)
Discrete task (one action or movement with a recognizable beginning and end) Serial task (a series of discrete movements that are combined in a particular sequence) Continuous task (repetitive, uninterrupted movements that have no distinct beginning and ending)
Taxonomy of motor tasks
Environmental conditions: closed (nothing around the patient)/open (objects or other people are in motion)
: no intertrial variability (same tasks)/intertrial variability (changing/varied tasks)
Desired outcome of the action: Body stable (patient’s body is stationary)/body transport(patient’s body is moving from one place to other)
with manipulation (handling something) or no manipulation
drinking a cocktail on the deck of a cruise ship
Open environment, with intertrial variability
Body stable with manipulation
waling through a living room where children are playing
open environment, with intertrial variability, body transport without manipulation
Maintaining sitting balance on different chairs in the room e.g. rocker, straight-backed chair, sofa
closed environment with intertrial variability body stable without manipulation
carrying a tray of food or drinks from the kitchen to the living room, using different trays and routs each time
Closed, with intertrial variability, body transport with manipulation
Rearranging packages while walking up or down the moving escalator
Open environment without intertrial variability, body transport with manipulation
stages of motor learning (3)
Cognitive stage
Associative stage
Autonomous stage
Types of motor learning Part vs Whole
Part practice: a task is broken down into separate dimensions
Whole practice the entire task is performed from beginning to end
Type of practice for motor learning: blocked, random and random/blocked
Blocked order practice: same task or series of exercises or tasks is performed repeatedly under the same conditions: standing up from the same height chair
Random order practice: slight variations of the same task are carried out in an unpredictable order Standing up from different height of chair
Random/blocked-order practice: variations of the same task are performed in random order, but each variation of the task is performed more than once
Types of practice for motor learning: physical versus mental practice
Physical practice: actual physical practice
Mental practice: visualization and motor imagery practice
Types of feedback for motor learning Knowledge of performance (KP) versus Knowledge of results (KR)
Knowledge of performance: either intrinsic feedback sensed during a task or immediate, post task, augmented feedback (usually verbal) about the nature or quality of the performance of motor task
Knowledge of results: immediate, post task, augmented feedback about the outcome of a motor task
Types of feedback for motor learning intrinsic feedback/augmented (extrinsic) feedback
intrinsic feedback: sensory cues from learner, prprioceptive, kinesthetic, tactile, visual or auditory cues
Augmented (extrinsic) feedback; sensory cues from an external source that are supplemental to intrinsic feedback that are not inherent in the execution of the task. May arise from mechanical source or from another person
Feedback schedules: Concurrent versus postresponse feedback
Concurrent: occurs during the performance of a task, also known as real time feed back
Postresponse (terminal) occurs after completing or attempting to complete a motor skill
Feedback schedule: immediate, delayed and summary postresponse feed back
Immediate: information that is given directly after a task is completed
Delayed: information that is given after a short interval of time has elapsed, allowing time for the learner to reflect on how well or poorly a task was executed
Summary: information that is given about the average performance of several repetitions of a motor skill
feedback schedules variable versus constant feedback
variable (intermittent) occurs irregularly, randomly during practice of a motor task
Constant occurs on a regularly recurring, continuous basis during practice of a motor task
The ability to align body segments against gravity to maintain or move the body (center of mass) within the available base of support without falling; the ability to move the body in equilibrium with gravity via interaction of the sensory and motor systems
Balance
