Changing Spaces Making Places Flashcards
How do populations change
Through the processes of movement of people,capital, information and resources making places heterogeneous( mix of cultures and demographics).
Why have places increased in population
Increased birth rates,decreasing death rates and large numbers of migrants e.g Ukraine
Uk population
Overall ageing population, London and the south east have a rapid pop growth rate whereas north east have been growing at a slower rate.
What’s the rural continuum
Clasicification that distinguishes metropolitan counties by pop size.
Fertility rates and mortality rates
Higher fertility rates like Niger, has larger families and a growing pop. Higher mortality rates like Ukraine, face natural decreases and declining pop.
Population characteristics (China and Southall in London.)
POP characteristics can have variations in gender and ethnicity, china gender imbalance more W then M due to one child policy having to abandon daughters in favour of having sons.
Culture diversity, explained by social clustering e,g southall being called ‘little India’
Culture and society in UK
Uneven demographic and culture patterns e.g London highly diverse with a mix of British,Indian,African and Chinese. Some due to international migrant flows eg. 1950s uk accepted migrants from west-indies to fill industrial jobs.and free momevemtn of people contract from people in Europe to uk.
Governments role in allows flows of migrants
They can create specific places of worship and foods, eg David Cameron visited places of worship in uk to create sense of unity and acceptance. To inspire and encourage integration of migrants.
Segregation
Ethnic segregation is closely related to economic indicators like employees,not and income and social indicators like education and health. There can be social characteristics that reflect an ethnicity and culture like Indian takeaways and places of worship.eg in southall.
Arrivals of migrants changing diverse places
Can cause riots eg riots over British workers being denied from jobs as eu workers have been better skilled. May build new building like places of worship that locals don’t agree with then face social exclusion eg Glasgow.
Gentrification
The process of reneveating a place to make it more attractive to middle class and business world.eg London docklands.
Eg Hounslow, became more cultural and diverse leading to pop growing massively however leading to overcrowding impacting social well-being.
Successful regions (economic and social inequalities.)
San Francisco Bay, high rates employment,inward migration, high property prices creates a wealthy developing region.
Places facing a cycle of decline
Where one factor exacerbates another, Rust belt USA, the reconstruction has caused worsening education, health, crime and access.
Regeneration done to balance social and economic inequalities, business opportunities arise improving social and quality of life.
Urban places
During industrialisation perceived as dangerous as hotspots for crim (Victoria London)
Today may seem more attractive retail based, invite tourism and young ppl and migrants due to the range of economic and social-leisure activities on offer.
However some urban areas like Newham, are still seen as dangerous due to low living standards, and poor population characteristics.
Rural places
Often seem as idyllic bc of there nature landscapes .
Others view negatively bc of remoteness , limited opportunities and services. Eg Taunton in Somerset nearest hospital is 70 mins away.
Some see as retirement places or holiday villages.
Urban regeneration (belfast)
To increase employment, max tourism and create a green centre.
£18.77 million
Role of UK givernemnt policies
It’s often the role of national governments to facilitate regeneration projects e.g by investing into rails and airport developments can improve accessibility to these projects.
Governments may prioritise national over local needs which can delay regeneration and worsen inequalities.
Local gov policies - Urban and rural regeneration strategies include :
Retail led plans - creates business and job opportunities
Tourism- brings money to area and flow of culture
Leisure and sport - community integration and social well-being.
Evaluating the need for regeneration
Collecting statistical data eg talking how many people enjoy living there, and deprivation scores.
And look at media.
Changing public perceptions (rebranding)
Attempts to prepress areas as being more attractive by improving public perceptions through reimaging through media.
Rural rebranding focuses more on farm diversification, outdoor pursuits and adventure.
Measuring success
Income, poverty and employment.
Regeneration will be most successful if it leads to improvements in the living environment as this leads to improvements in social and economic security , improvements in living environment can be monitored by pollution levels and number of abandoned houses/land.
Case study (contrasting between two places in social inequality )
Northwood,Irvine,Southern California
Future - remain its ranking of one of best cities to live in bc of high paid employment , education and easy access to beach.
Income- median income of $113,000 a year (2018), good access to employment, Kia headquarters.
Health - air pollution is low and excellent health care
Education - best achieving high schools in US, 20% achieve a masters.
Housing - 91% own a home, large lots.
Case study (contrast of two places in social inequality)
Jembatan Besi, Indonesia
Future - clearing slum areas , upgrading houses and electricity.
Income - self employed, service based business usually selling food, crowded conditions and little workers rights.
Health - few toilets, flush into streets. Human waste mixed with drinking water causes diseases like cholera.
Education - slum schools are poor, working from young age.
Strategies for rebranding
- market led - involves private investors aiming to make a profit, eg property developers in London for restaurants and bars.
-top down - involves large scale organisations eg local authorities.
-Flagship development - large one off property projects, act as catalyst for further investment eg millennium stadium Cardiff.
-Legacy - following sporting events which brought investment eg olympics London.
-Events or themes - major festivals
