changing spaces; making places Flashcards
what are the key characteristics of a place?
culture
demographic
political
socioeconomic
built environment
physical geography
what does brockenhurst mean as a place for others?
- tours on buses
- a watersplash ford
- historical village– William the Conqueror made it royal hunting ground
- honey pot site, popular with tourists
- college
- nature lovers
what is the demography of brockenhurst?
- 47.5% male; 52.5% female
- mean age of 48.1
- 20.4% of people are 45-59 years old
- 97.4% of the population is white
- 68.7% of the population are religious, and 67% are Christian
- only 0.3% of the population registered in a same-sex partnership
what are the socio-economic characteristics of brockenhurst?
- 92.5% of household spaces have at least one usual residents
- there is an average of 6.9 rooms and 3.3 bedrooms per household
- 79.8% of households are owned (54% owned outright)
39.4% of households have 1 car/van (and 34.7% have 2) - 6% of households have a lone parent
- 64.9% of the population are economically active, 60.1% are in employment
what was regional geography?
flourished during the early 20th century, and was the study of world regions
what was the quantitative revolution?
in the late 1960s, the discipline of geography was redefined as a spatial science. places were likely to be reduced to numerical data or points in space, detached from identity or meaning
what was the emergence of radical geography?
in the 1980s, physical geography continued to use quantitative methods, but research in human geography diversified.
it was driven by urban and racial unrest in the USA + northern Europe, and the desire to improve the quality of life for all
what was the cultural turn in geography?
geographers began to deconstruct the complicated connections between place, meaning and power through social and cultural lenses
what is a place?
a space with meaning
what is place attachment?
the relation ship/ emotional bond developed between people and place, potentially resulting in a place being part of a person’s self identity
setting that evoke personal memories and familiarity within a place can help form place attachments and increase their strength
where does brockenhurst have economic connections with?
- London, Southampton (commuters)
- surrounding villages + towns (for social events, services and retail
- college catchment area (students + employees)
- Hampshire (day trippers)
what are some land uses in brockenhurst?
- transport (train)
- commoners (commoner rights are entrusted to certain properties to pasture, pannage and estovers)
- national park (the new forest became a national park in 2005 to ensure that the natural beauty, history and wildlife is protected)
what were Brockenhurst’s connections to war?
- WW1, brock was a hospital village for wounded troops, particularly from NZ and India
- WW2, Balmer Lawn Hotel was the location for many of Generals Eisenhower and Montgomery’s meetings as they planned the D-Day landings. triangle sections of roads originate from making it easier for tank manouvres
what was Brockenhurt’s growth closely associated with?
improved transport links
railway opened in 1847 as part of the Southampton to Dorchester line, bringing in an influx of visitors and stimulated business + housing expansion
what is space?
‘space’ exists between places and does not have the meanings that places do
for example, the North Atlantic Ocean is between New York and home in the UK and is a space to me, however it can also be a place to the deep-sea fisherman who work there
what are the factors influencing perceptions of place?
- AGE: eg a playground to a 5 year old would have a different meaning to a teenager
- GENDER: safety + the roles of gender in different places change people’s perceptions of that place
- SEXUALITY: some places acquire meaning because they are where LGBTQ+ people tend to cluster, as they can be openly themselves and feel safe about it. for example, the election of LGBTQ+ local councillors in San Francisco creates a strong sense of place for LGBTQ+ people
- RELIGION: some natural landscape features are sacred to certain groups, eg the giant mass of sandstone Uluru in central Australia has a major role in Aboriginal creation stories
- ROLE: a person’s role in different places influences perceptions of fear, insecurity and anxiety.
what is globalisation?
the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas + other aspects of culture
how does globalisation influence sense of place?
the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world means that there are a set of forces that are changing the ways in which people experience and understand places
what does global village mean?
used to convey the idea that the world has become smaller, not in a physical sense but because of its greater interconnectedness
what is time space compression?
the idea that space is no longer the barrier it once was to communication and the movement of people, goods and ideas
how is place represented?
through the use of signs to create and convey meaning, and the means of communication by which people tell each other about places
what are formal representations of place?
- tend to be more objective, and are based on facts rather than feelings or opinions
- include statistical representations of a place such as a census and geospatial data
what is a census?
a complete population count for a given area or place taken at a specific date
what are informal representations of place?
created through art, TV, film, music, photography, literature and advertising
how do adverts create representations of place?
adverts for goods often use place imagery indirectly as a backdrop in order to exploit a particular association of that place
what is a household?
- the basic source of data for censuses
- defined as one person living alone, or a group of people living at the same address, who share cooking facilities + a living room/sitting room/dining area
- short term residents such as uni students living together do not count as households
define quality of life
the extent to which people’s needs + desires (social, psychological and physical) are met
eg do all people have equal rights? does everyone have reasonable access to healthcare? etc
define standard of living
the ability to access services and goods
eg food, water, clothes etc
define social inequalitiy
differences based on age, ethnicity, gender, religion, education and wealth exist in all societies
what is the cycle of deprivation?
poverty > poor living conditions > ill health > poor education > poor skills > poverty
define income
a person’s earnings from their employment, dividends from shares and stocks, pension payments etc
define wealth
income and total value of a person’s assets (eg. housing, personal possessions like artwork or jewellry, money in the bank, the value of stocks and shares etc)
define absolute poverty
people struggle to meet daily needs such as food, shelter etc
define relative poverty
lack sufficient income to participate fully in society
what does the UK government consider to be the ‘poverty line’?
earning 60% or less than the median income
what can the English Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2015 be used for?
- comparing small areas across England
- identifying the most deprived areas
- exploring the domains/types of deprivation
- comparing larger areas
what can’t the IMD 2015 be used for?
quantifying how deprived a small area is
identifying deprived people
saying how affluent a place is
comparing with small areas in other UK countries
measuring real change in deprivation over time
what is the burgess model?
innermost circle = CBD, then factories/industry, then low, medium and high class residential respectively
shows how the CBD and inner city developed
define deindustrialisation
the loss of manufacturing and employment in urban areas, often due to outsourcing abroad
what is economic change?
is the process by which the type and amount of economic activity (employment) changes + develops
how has economic change been driven by globalisation?
as transport + communications have made the world more connected, economic activity has changed location
how do we measure social inequalities regarding income?
- world bank’s definition of poverty = US$1.25/day PPP (purchasing power parity)
- GINI COEFFICIENT = used to measure levels of income inequalities within countries. It is defined as a ratio w variables between 0 (equal income amongst all) and 1 (all income is in the hands of one person in a country)
how can we measure social inequalities regarding housing?
- housing tenure (can be owner occupied, privately/publicly rented etc)
in many LIDCs housing tenure is complex, especially in slum areas
what is a squatter settlement?
where people have no legal right to the land they occupy
how can we measure social inequalities regarding education?
- the acquisition of skills can be underestimated if only formal qualifications are measured, especially in EDCs and LIDCs
- contrasts in literacy levels
how can we measure social inequalities regarding healthcare?
- measure of number of doctors per 1000 people
- access to medical provision, clean water, effective sanitation, quality + quantity of diet, type of housing, air quality
- attitudes towards vaccination, tobacco and alcohol
why do spatial patterns of social inequalities vary regarding wealth?
cost of living impacts disposable income
define urbanisation
the growth and development of cities
what might cause inner city decline?
- loss of manufacturing led to loss of jobs, which led to poverty, which could have caused an increase in crime, which can lead to poor living conditions and fewer jobs, as businesses move away
- as the factories moved abroad, the factory owners abandoned the terrace houses and failed to maintain them, the occupants did not have any money so the houses fell into disrepair
what is the cycle of decline?
low income - poor housing and poor food supply - poor health - lack of social aspiration - poor education or employment prospects - low income - etc
what are the positives of economic change in ACs
- loss of mining = improved environmental quality
- growth in LIDCs = demands for exports from ACs
- greater industrial efficiency, development of new tech, promotion of entrepreneurship + should attract foreign investment
what are the negatives of economic change in ACs?
job losses are often of unskilled workers
big gaps between skilled and unskilled workers develop
positives of economic change in EDCs and LIDCs?
can lead to exposure to new technology, improvement of skills and labour productivity
higher export generated income promoted export led growth, thus promotes investment in productive capacity and potentially leads to a multiplier effect
negatives of economic change in EDCs and LIDCs?
can lead to overdependence on a narrow economic base
can destabilise food supplies as people give up agriculture
environmental issue associated with over-rapid industrialisation
inequalities related to pensions?
some of the poorest members of society are those relying on the state pension, although some are entitled to benefits. There tends to be a disproportionate number of these people living in inner cities, contributing to high levels of deprivation in these areas
large numbers of people now have occupational pensions + state pension and also own homes right as they benefited from house price inflation, increasing their wealth
what has the government done to impact social inequalities in healthcare?
people pay for the NHS through the taxation system
literature is produced in ethnic minority languages to inform parents of the benefits of immunisation
how has the government impacted social inequalities regarding rural services?
key settlement policy - services such as education and healthcare, employment and housing have been concentrated in large villages and small towns: these places act as hubs for nearby smaller villages
What is Jembatan Besi like?
Is a slum in Jakarta about 4km
northwest of the city center.
Has a population of about 31,000.
and is one of Jakarta’s most
densely populated districts
The settlement is hemmed in
on all sides by other built-up
areas and the Ciliwung River
what is sanitation like in jembatan besi?
- few homes have toilets, which means no sanitation
- slums have toilets but they are run for a profit and are poorly built, toilets flush into sewers in the streets
- no clean running water, groundwater polluted as it used to be a waste tip
what are the housing conditions like in Jembatan Besi?
- most homes consist of a relatively well built ground floor using timber + brick; as pressures on spaces have grown, extra stories have been added, and the construction is increasingly makeshift with height
- fire is a constant risk due to overcrowding and the improvised electrical wiring, which often gets overloaded
- houses have virtually no direct sunlight- electric lighting is by neon tubes and bare light bulbs
what is the environmental quality like in Jembatan Besi?
- toilets tend to flush into open sewers in the street, and there is no clean running water
- groundwater supplies available but polluted because its built on a former waste tip
- air pollution is at very high levels due to the use of kerosene for cooking + high levels of emissions
what is the access to resources like in Jembatan Besi?
- the nutrition of most slum dwellers is dominated by rice with little fresh protein or fruit and veg
- schools are poorly equipped
- internet is only sparsely available for a high price
what is income like in Jembatan Besi?
- the average income is US$4 a day but this is not a regular income
- significant garment industry with little security in slums, little health and safety precautions, people sell food and second hand stuff from waste tips
what is education like in Jembatan Besi?
- most schools are poorly equipped
- Too often families simply cannot allow their children to complete their formal education because they need to earn an income to support the family
what is age/gender/religion like in Jembatan Besi?
- garment industry employs girls
- children can’t move up in wage ranks as schools aren’t equipped to educate them
- predominant Muslim region attracts large population, which means housing is more expensive and more people live in slums
What is the future for Jembatan Besi?
- slums won’t disappear
- the jakarta housing and administrative buildings agency has identified 392 ‘community units’ that are slum areas planned for improvement; however, slum clearance to allow for rebuilding results in people moving to other slum areas, making the situation worse there
- strong sense of community within slums, and residents are resilient due to social inequality
what is Northwood, Irvine?
- is a community in the northern part of the City of Irvine in Orange County, California
- an edge city (there is substantial urban development on the fringe of an existing conurbation– these are often formally planned and are relatively self-sufficient
- roughly 22,000 people live here in just over 8200 households
what are the housing condition like in Northwood?
- area characterised by single-family houses on relatively large ‘lots’
- 91% of households own their own home
- the average household size is 2.8 persons
what is the environmental quality like in Northwood?
- many of the streets are lined with trees, mostly eucalyptus
- lots of green spaces
- air pollution is relatively low as it is on the edge of the LA conurbation and therefore avoids the smog
what is income like in Northwood?
- median household income is US$86,500 per year compared to the national average of US$52,250
- average for males is US$80,410, average for females is US$41,525
what is health like in Northwood?
- healthcare is excellent
- air pollution really low
what is education like in Northwood?
- schools in Irvine are regularly assessed as being amongst the best-achieving schools in the US
- there are 5 high schools and several tertiary education facilities
- the educational standards of residents are high, 68.5% of residents aged 25 + have first degrees, with 20.5% possessing masters or doctorates
what is ethnicity like in Northwood?
- Ethnically, about half of the residents are white, with the second most numerous
group being Asian, as many former South Vietnamese migrated to the west coast of
the USA after the Vietnam War
what is the future of northwood?
- Even during downturns in the economy, the area retains its reputation for
high-paid employment - Represents the opposite end of the economic spectrum to Jembatan Besi
