Changing Rates Of Migration- DEMOGRAPHY Flashcards
What is meant by immigration and emigration?
Immigration- the movement of people into an area or society.
Emigration- movement of people out of an area or society.
What are some statistics of migration and immigration?
1.1 million people migrated into the UK and 560,000 people emigrated from it.
What are the top three countries people emigrated to?
-America
-France
-Australia
What is meant by push and pull factors as a reason to why people migrate and what are some examples?
-push factors are the reasons why people leave an area. E.g flee natural disasters & escape war or prosecution.
-pull factors re the reasons why people move to a particular area. E.g to find a job & nicer climate.
What are some reasons for IMMIGRATION (people moving INTO the uk)?
-humanitarian reasons: the uk has humanitarian visa schemes and resettlement programs for vulnerable people.
-asylum & refuge: the uk accepted responsibility to protect those fleeing from prosecutions or war.
-medicalisation: the uk has the NHS and free health care for all so people may move for better and free medical services.
What are some reasons for EMIGRATION (people moving OUT of the uk)?
-cost of living: high cost of living in the uk can push people to seek more affordable housing and living expenses.
-climate: some people emigrate to escape the harsh weather nd seek warmer climates.
-secularisation: some people may leave their county which is extremely conservative and move to live somewhere that aligns more with their liberal views.
What is meant by globalisation?
Refers to the breakdown of barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries.
It has arguably led to an increase in international migration- the movement of people across borders.
What are the trends in global migration which needs to be considered?
-acceleration
-differentiation
-feminisation of migration
-migrant identities
What is meant at by acceleration?
The speeding rate of migration. -the number of international migrants worldwide reached 272million.
What is meant by differentiation?
Globalisation has led to an increase in the diversity of types of migrants. For example temporary workers, and refugees , some may have legal entitlement whilst others enter without permission. Before the 1990s immigration to the UK came from former British colonies e.g Caribbean & Ireland, with most having the right to settle and became citizens. However since the 1990s globalisation is said to have led to ‘super-diversity’, so migrants now come from a much wider range of countries.
Under differentiation cohen distinguished three types of migrants by classes which are:
-citizens: have full citizenship rights. (E.g voting rights and access to benefits)
-denizens: privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state (E.g highly paid employees of multinational companies)
-helots: the most exploited group, the state and employers regard them as disposable units of labour power. (E.g illegally trafficked workers)
What is meant feminisation of migration?
In the past migrants were mainly males, however almost half of all global migrants are female and the type of job they do tend to fit patriarchal stereotypes such that there is a global gendered division of labour. Hochschild observed care work, domestic work and sex work in the UK is increasingly done by women from poor countries, this is a result of western women increasingly joining the labour force.
What is meant by migrant identities?
We all have multiple sources of identity, e.g family, friends and religion. These give us a sense of belonging, and increasing migration between countries leads to migrants developing a ‘hybrid identity’ which is made up of two or more sources. Eade found that those with hybrid identities may find that others challenge their identity claims or accuse them of not fitting in.
What are the impacts of global migration?
-social isolation: people living in a country without their partner or family, who is in another country can create loneliness.
-financial strain: many people who come may not be able to get a stable job and have to wait a long time for applications to be processed and so many rely on benefits, therefore causing financial strain on the government.
What is meant by the politicisation of migration?
Due to the increased global migration, states now have policies that seek to control immigration, absorb migrants into society and deal with increased ethnic and cultural diversity. E.g border control and enforcement & immigration laws.
What are the two approaches politicians advocate ?
-assimilation
-multiculturalism
What is meant by assimilation?
Is the idea that immigrants should become like national citizens and adopt their norms, values and ways of living.
What is meant by multiculturalism?
The idea that immigrants should retain a separate cultural identity, by allowing shallow cultural diversity (accept parts but not all) but not deep diversity (can’t completely be themselves and be accepted).
Why is assimilation a controversial policy?
Because it can be seen as a forceful policy that devalues other cultures.
Why is shallow diversity more likely to be accepted than deep diversity?
Shallow diversity is aspects of cultural that can co-exist with native cultural, such as music and food, however deep diversity is aspects of culture which the native culture views as offensive e.g arranged marriages.
