Changing Places - Unit 1

Question 1

What is the definition of primary Industry?

Answer 1

The extraction of raw materials from the ground or the sea

E.g. mining

Question 2

What is the definition of secondary industry?

Answer 2

The manufacturing of goods using the raw materials from the primary industry
E.g. car manufacturing

Question 3

What is the definition of tertiary industry?

Answer 3

The provision of different services to people and other industries
E.g. retail

Question 4

What is the definition of quaternary industry?

Answer 4

The knowledge-based sector which is concerned with ICT and R&D
E.g. scientist

Question 5

What are the 3 phases of the Clarke Fisher Model?

Answer 5

Pre-Industrial phase

• Mainly worked in primary sector
• Quaternary sector hadn’t been introduced

Industrial phase

• Increase in tertiary sector
• Decrease in primary sector

Post-industrial phase

• Quaternary sector introduced
• Most work in tertiary

Question 6

Why was there a decline in primary employment?

Answer 6

1- Depletion of resources 
2- Cheap imports
3- Mechanisation 
4- Social change 
5- Government policy

Question 7

How has a depletion of resources led to a decrease in primary employment?

Answer 7

• 1920’s = 1.2 million men employed in coal mining pits across Britain
• As the more accessible coal got mined, the rest was harder to reach so the cost of production increased

Question 8

How has cheaper imports led to a decrease in primary employment?

Answer 8

• Coal became cheaper to import from other countries, making UK less competitive

Question 9

How has government policy led to a decrease in primary employment?

Answer 9

• In March 1984, Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Government announced they intend to close 20 coal mines, with a loss of 20,000 jobs
• This led to the infamous miners’ strike of 1984

Question 10

How has social attitudes led to a decrease in primary employment?

Answer 10

• Increasing concern about greenhouse gas emissions and global warming (coal is seen as a dirty fuel)
• Countries such as the UK have legally binding CO2 emissions targets set by Climate Conferences, such as Kyoto in 1997
• The UK has subsequently shut many coal fired power stations, with only 10 remaining
• The development of cleaner, renewable energy sources, such as wind power, has further aided the decline

Question 11

How has mechanisation led to a decrease in primary employment?

Answer 11

• In 1841, 22% were employed in agricultural industry
• In 2011, 1% worked in this industry
• Due to increased use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides
• Also due to increased use of tractors rather than horses
• Today, we have more than 310,000 licences tractors

Question 12

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 12

The process by which there is a decline in manufacturing industry within a country or region, resulting in reduction of secondary sector employment

Question 13

Why has deindustrialisation occurred in the UK?

Answer 13

External factors:
- Globalisation
- Multi-national companies 
- New production technology/mechanisation 
Internal factors:
- Loss of competitiveness
- Financial factors 
- Human resource issues

Question 14

What is globalisation?

Answer 14

• The process of increasing inter connectivity and interdependence among countries and economies
• Driven by MNC’s

Question 15

What is the global shift

Answer 15

• The movement of manufacturing from MEDCs to the developing world
• Process began in 1950’s to NIC’s, such as the ‘Asian Togers’ economies of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore
• Since the 1980’s, the RIC’s, such as China have experienced this change

Question 16

How has new production technology/mechanisation led to a decrease in secondary employment?

Answer 16

• Mechanisation of manufacturing processes have contributed to a reduction in the demand for labour
• The concept can be seen within the car industry where increased ‘robotisation’ of the production line has meant fewer people are employed
• E.g. 1950’s Jaguar manufacturing plant in Coventry

Question 17

How has loss of competitiveness led to a decrease in secondary employment?

Answer 17

• Britain had many uneconomic locations with outdated factories and obsolete machinery
• British industry developed during Industrial Revolution
• Over time, these areas became surrounded by residential developments
• Consequently, most British industries became located in the inner city

Question 18

How has financial factors led to a decrease in secondary employment?

Answer 18

• The British monetary policy created high interest rates during 1970’s, making money for investment very expensive to borrow
• High exchange rates - strength of the British pound made British goods expensive to export, but imported goods relatively cheaper

Question 19

How has human resource issues led to a decrease in secondary employment?

Answer 19

• A strongly ionised and militant workforce in some manufacturing industries led to regular strikes
• Reduced productivity of British industry