Changing Places - Unit 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of primary Industry?
The extraction of raw materials from the ground or the sea
E.g. mining
What is the definition of secondary industry?
The manufacturing of goods using the raw materials from the primary industry
E.g. car manufacturing
What is the definition of tertiary industry?
The provision of different services to people and other industries
E.g. retail
What is the definition of quaternary industry?
The knowledge-based sector which is concerned with ICT and R&D
E.g. scientist
What are the 3 phases of the Clarke Fisher Model?
Pre-Industrial phase
- Mainly worked in primary sector
- Quaternary sector hadn’t been introduced
Industrial phase
- Increase in tertiary sector
- Decrease in primary sector
Post-industrial phase
- Quaternary sector introduced
- Most work in tertiary
Why was there a decline in primary employment?
1- Depletion of resources 2- Cheap imports 3- Mechanisation 4- Social change 5- Government policy
How has a depletion of resources led to a decrease in primary employment?
- 1920’s = 1.2 million men employed in coal mining pits across Britain
- As the more accessible coal got mined, the rest was harder to reach so the cost of production increased
How has cheaper imports led to a decrease in primary employment?
- Coal became cheaper to import from other countries, making UK less competitive
How has government policy led to a decrease in primary employment?
- In March 1984, Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Government announced they intend to close 20 coal mines, with a loss of 20,000 jobs
- This led to the infamous miners’ strike of 1984
How has social attitudes led to a decrease in primary employment?
- Increasing concern about greenhouse gas emissions and global warming (coal is seen as a dirty fuel)
- Countries such as the UK have legally binding CO2 emissions targets set by Climate Conferences, such as Kyoto in 1997
- The UK has subsequently shut many coal fired power stations, with only 10 remaining
- The development of cleaner, renewable energy sources, such as wind power, has further aided the decline
How has mechanisation led to a decrease in primary employment?
- In 1841, 22% were employed in agricultural industry
- In 2011, 1% worked in this industry
- Due to increased use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides
- Also due to increased use of tractors rather than horses
- Today, we have more than 310,000 licences tractors
What is deindustrialisation?
The process by which there is a decline in manufacturing industry within a country or region, resulting in reduction of secondary sector employment
Why has deindustrialisation occurred in the UK?
External factors: - Globalisation - Multi-national companies - New production technology/mechanisation Internal factors: - Loss of competitiveness - Financial factors - Human resource issues
What is globalisation?
- The process of increasing inter connectivity and interdependence among countries and economies
- Driven by MNC’s
What is the global shift
- The movement of manufacturing from MEDCs to the developing world
- Process began in 1950’s to NIC’s, such as the ‘Asian Togers’ economies of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore
- Since the 1980’s, the RIC’s, such as China have experienced this change
How has new production technology/mechanisation led to a decrease in secondary employment?
- Mechanisation of manufacturing processes have contributed to a reduction in the demand for labour
- The concept can be seen within the car industry where increased ‘robotisation’ of the production line has meant fewer people are employed
- E.g. 1950’s Jaguar manufacturing plant in Coventry
How has loss of competitiveness led to a decrease in secondary employment?
- Britain had many uneconomic locations with outdated factories and obsolete machinery
- British industry developed during Industrial Revolution
- Over time, these areas became surrounded by residential developments
- Consequently, most British industries became located in the inner city
How has financial factors led to a decrease in secondary employment?
- The British monetary policy created high interest rates during 1970’s, making money for investment very expensive to borrow
- High exchange rates - strength of the British pound made British goods expensive to export, but imported goods relatively cheaper
How has human resource issues led to a decrease in secondary employment?
- A strongly ionised and militant workforce in some manufacturing industries led to regular strikes
- Reduced productivity of British industry
