Changing places

Question 1

What does locale mean?

Answer 1

A place where something happens or is set e.g. a park, church, or an office

Question 2

What does sense of place mean?

Answer 2

The subjective (personal) and emotional attachment to a place

Question 3

What does location mean?

Answer 3

Where a place is on a map, its longitude and latitude coordinates etc

Question 4

How does our attachment to a place change with age?

Answer 4

-Humanist geographer, Yi-Fu Tuan, believes that our understanding of the environment and our attachment to it expands with age
-The depth of attachment to a place is influenced by our increase in knowledge and understanding of the place
-Our attachment to a. Place is also linked with the intensity of experience in that place. The more enjoyable or meaningful an experience in a place, the more attached we become to it

Question 5

A ‘space’ becomes a ‘place’ when….

Answer 5

You have experiences or memories in that space, e.g. learning or talking with friends

Question 6

How do you include topophilia in a sentence?

Answer 6

Creates feelings of topophila
Has a sense of topophlia

Question 7

What does topophilia mean?

Answer 7

A place where you have a positive connection with and might feel relaxed and happy

Question 8

How does your sense of place contribute to your identity?

Answer 8

Can affect your opinion of places important to you
Social- World Cup defeat or big sporting of events
Economic- Closure of a company (the company you work at)
Environmental- Earthquake changing appearance of a place (destruction from natural disasters make you feel unsafe)

Question 9

What does topophobia mean?

Answer 9

A place where you have a negative connection with and might feel uncomfortable or dread it due to its association

Question 10

What does social exclusion mean?

Answer 10

Making members of society feel unwelcome

Question 11

Perspectives of an insider

Answer 11

Place of birth- Person born in the country or parents were
Status/citizenship- Permanent resident ,has a passport from this country and can get a job easily, vote and claim benefits
Language capability- Fluent in local language
Social interactions- Understands unspoken rules of the society and country
State of mind- Safe, secure, happy, feels at home

Question 12

What does spatial exclusion mean?

Answer 12

Physically being separate and unable to access parts of society

Question 13

Perspectives of an outsider

Answer 13

Place of birth- Person born not in the country
Status/citizenship- Temporary visitor. Has a foreign passport. May not be able to work or claim benefits and may be travelling for business or pleasure
Language capability- Not fluent, doesn’t understand slang or idioms
Social interactions- Frequently makes faux paus or misunderstands social interactions
State of mind- Feels out of place, uneasy, homesick, aleinated

Question 14

What is an experienced place?

Answer 14

• Somewhere someone has spent time in. This could even be for a short period, but the person has the experience of being there
• Longer we spend in places, the stronger our sense of place

Question 15

What is NIMBYism?

Answer 15

• Stands for not in my back yard
• A characterisation of opposition by residents to proposed developments in their local area (they like the idea but don’t want it near them)

Question 16

What is a media place?

Answer 16

• A place a person had only read about or seen in a film/video game/tv series that doesn’t actually exist e.g. Hogwarts
• Can also be a real place but that people have not yet visited and that they just gave strong stereotypes of e.g. Russia, Japan

Question 17

What is a near place?

Answer 17

Somewhere you know well and feel secure in
May be somewhere you are physically close to or maybe where you are psychologically close to, you feel part of ‘us’ not part of ‘them’
You can also feel like an ‘outsider’ in a near place

Question 18

What is a far place?

Answer 18

Somewhere you do not feel you belong
May also be somewhere physically far away
Can feel ‘far’ from somewhere you live as well as a place you don’t like
You can feel like an ‘insider’ even if it’s a far place

Question 19

What is a clone town?

Answer 19

A global term for a town where the High Street or other major shopping areas are significantly dominated by chain stores

Question 20

What is a home town?

Answer 20

A town with a greater diversity in shops and facilities
It retains its individual character
Predominantly independent shops

Question 21

What does homogenised mean?

Answer 21

Making something uniform or similar

Question 22

Resisting change

Answer 22

Some local places and cultures are doing their best to resist the power of globalisation .
E.g. in 2012, Costa tried to open an outlet in Totnes, South Devon. Within two weeks of the proposal 3/4 of the town signed a petition saying they would support an independent high street and would boycott chain stores. After 8 months Costa dropped their plans. Also, the Totnes pound was launched in 2007 to try to keep money within the local high street and in July 2014 more than 120 local businesses had access to the currency.

Question 23

What are some examples of ‘placeless’ places?

Answer 23

Service stations
Airports
Train stations

Question 24

What does glocalization mean?

Answer 24

When TNCs adapt to the local market place e.g. In Hindu countries, McDonalds has removed beef from the menu while in Muslim countries, pork has been removed
The number of McCafes has also increased with the growth of coffee culture
In Germany they love to eat a lot of meat so they have combined sausages and burgers together in one meal, they also serve beer with food because Germans love that

Question 25

A global sense of place

Answer 25

The economic and social geographer Doreen Massey wrote about global sense of place in which she questioned the idea that places are static. She argued instead that places are dynamic; they have multiple identities and they do not have to have boundaries
In her speech she mentioned that in a walk down Kilburn High Road you can see “four life-sized models of Indian women and reams of cloth”- Doreen Massey 1994

Question 26

Key survey finds of East London

Answer 26

‘Poor’
Home to some of Londons poorest areas but recently revitalised by Olympic Park developments and growing youth culture- is poor and dirty, but also arty and try-hard

Question 27

Key survey finds of North London

Answer 27

‘Intellectual’
The area has been home to Stephen Fry, Geri Halliwell and Michael Foot- is cultured, but past its prime

Question 28

Key survey kinds of West London

Answer 28

‘Posh’
Where most of the city’s wealthiest residents live
Of course with the high-class, cultured reputation also comes with the view that West London is trendy and pretentious

Question 29

Key survey finds of South London

Answer 29

‘Rough’
Like the East, is both rough and up and coming
Like the North it is also viewed as especially family-friendly and suburban (and dull)

Question 30

What are qualitative sources?

Answer 30

Information that is non-numerical, unstructured and open-ended e.g interviews, focus groups and photographs
Subjective, opinion

Question 31

What are quantitative sources?

Answer 31

Data that can be quantified, verified and statistically manipulated e.g. statistics, graphs, factual date
Objective, hard facts

Question 32

What are types of quantitative data to do with sense of place?

Answer 32

Census data and house prices

Question 33

What are types of qualitative data to do with sense of place?

Answer 33

Interviews
Photographs
Textual sources
Poetry and music
TV and film
Art
Architecture
Graffiti
Maps and countermapping

Question 34

Interviews

Answer 34

Can generate detailed insights about a persons sense of place Specific questions Firsthand, direct reports so is reliable
Insight into their feelings and opinions
However:
Interviewer bias
Interviewer may affect the responses from the interviewee
Person answering may not be honest and want to present themselves in a favourable light
Interviewer can ask leading questions

Question 35

Census data and house prices

Answer 35

Shows diversity in the area
Shows changes across time e.g. gender distribution, religion
Shows wealth and economic status of an area as well as popularity of an area
However:
Not always objective as people choose the date they wish to use for a particular purpose, becomes subjective
Statistics tell us very little about human experience and what it is like to live there

Question 36

Photographs

Answer 36

Depicts what a place is ‘like’
Can show scenery/weather/people
However:
Editing
Selective
Cropping
One snapshot at a time

Question 37

Textual sources

Answer 37

Novels evoke a sense of place as they give the reader an understanding of what it is like to be ‘there’ (esp if it is non-fiction)
Often this is a positive association e.g. Thomas Hardy’s Dorset
However:
Place prejudice can happen if a place is depicted negatively in the media (newspapers, Internet)
In the press in the late 1990s, ‘Scouse’ characters were those of unemployment, economic deprivations, gangs, rioting and drug problems

Question 38

Poetry and music

Answer 38

Can be written from a firsthand experience (they may be from this place)
However:
Hard to interpret
May not know the place very well but will damage other peoples perspective on the place (bias)

Question 39

TV and film

Answer 39

e.g. Poldarks Cornwall
e.g. Lord of the Rings (New Zealand tourism increased by 50% after first film)
e.g. Dubrovnik, Croatia (Kings Landing) Game of Thrones
However:
e.g. Killing Eve, Lime of Duty, Topboy (all in London)
Can make a place look bad
If you have only seen Made in Chelsea, it is not realistic
Editing can be misleading

Question 40

Art

Answer 40

Paintings showing the countryside made famous by the likes of John Constable
Can show a deep understanding of what the countryside means to the artist
However:
Gives an impression of rural idyll which wasn’t realistic of the time of painting
Paintings are less reliable than photos as the painter hasn’t interpreted the scene for themselves
Subjective (can be made up)

Question 41

Architecture

Answer 41

Architecture plays a vital role in giving a place a meaning
Some redevelopment schemes utilise current architecture (e.g. Southgate in Bath)
The Bullring in Birmingham is now a major landmark and has given new place meaning to the city
However:
Redevelopment causes gentrification, this segregates locals and those who are so economically disadvantaged, you do not see that when you look at architecture

Question 42

Graffiti

Answer 42

Gives meaning to the city
Can be used in the regeneration of places
Graffiti traditionally used to show ownership of a place
Banksy argues it gives a voice to people who aren’t usually heard
Some graffiti is in art galleries now, it can be bought and sold
However:
It can automatically give a certain place a meaning that typically isn’t positive

Question 43

Maps and countermapping

Answer 43

Locate place and can influence how we feel or what we think about them (a place)
However:
We must ‘ pass a critical eye’ over the reliability and accuracy of maps as throughout history they have distorted reality
E.g. early world maps such as the Mappamundi (1300) showed the world as a flat disc with Jerusalem the holy land at the centre
Maps can include hidden bias and influence e.g. Google Maps

Question 44

Addlestone facts

Answer 44

Addlestone is a town in Surrey
Approximately 5 km²
30 km south west of London
Runnymede borough
Just inside the M25
Elevations (height of land) ranges between 11 and 40 m
Soil consist of sand, silt and clay with high ground water
Built on/near a floodplain, therefore has flat land and fertile soil which is good for farming/agriculture
Close proximity to river and canal-good for transport and access to water

Question 45

What does exogenous mean?

Answer 45

Factors existing outside/externally that contribute to the character of a place e.g. Chinatown in London

Question 46

What does endogenous mean?

Answer 46

Factors existing inside/internally that contribute to the character of a place e.g. River Thames in London

Question 47

Examples of natural endogenous factors

Answer 47

Topography/relief - hills, valleys, plains or mountains
Water – spring, rivers, coasts, lakes
Rocks/geology – minerals, precious ores, soils
Climate – temperature, wind, precipitation
Location - altitude, coastal aspect, floodplain, desert

Question 48

Examples of Human endogenous factors

Answer 48

Land use– farming, urban, industrial
Economic characteristics – primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary industries
Built environment – modernist or high-tech, post modern Western cities, age of buildings
Communications and infrastructure – motorways, broadband, rail, airports
Demographic characteristics– gender balance, population age, ethnicity factors

Question 49

Newcastle Upon Tyne natural and human endogenous factors:

Answer 49

Natural endogenous factors:
Topography/relief- Is on top of a steep valley side with the Tyne to the South and a huge farming hinterland to the North
Water- available in the Tyne and there are many small tributaries
Rocks/geology- the city is underlain by the Coal Measures which were the foundation stone for rapid expansion during the Industrial Revolution
Climate- is cool in summer on the North Sea, the wind is described as ‘Baltic’ by locals to show how cold it is
Location- most of the city is above sea level with a steep drop to the Tyne
Human endogenous factors:
Land use- changed over time from defence to farming to coal mining then industrial manufacturing and now post industrial research and development
Economic characteristics- Newcastle has gone through phases from primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
Built environment- the city centre is a mish mash of modernist buildings, neo classical in Grainger town, more modern high tech, post-modern western buildings like the Gate
Communications and infrastructure- has an international airport, major north south roads such as the A1. Its position on the Tyne is the furthest downstream narrow enough for a bridge, an essential feature for communications. There are 7 close to the CBD (central business district) including the Tyne, Swing, and Milennium bridges.
Demographic characteristics- has a young population. Is the most ethnically diverse in the NE. Locals are known as “Geordies”.

Question 50

Newcastle Upon Tyne exogenous factors

Answer 50

Competition from abroad and the drive towards larger ships resulted in a decline in the ship building industry. Government decisions such as locating HMRC in the North of the city have delivered jobs to the city.
National government decisions on tertiary education have resulted in the growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors in the Universities. TNC retailers and the demand for larger retail units resulted in the decline of Grainger town as a retail area, then, UK Government funds and a successful regeneration scheme allowed for its rebirth.

Question 51

Examples of exogenous factors

Answer 51

Migration- a shifting flow of people
Technological change- the shifting flows of ideas
Economic changes- the shifting flows of money and investment
Government rules and decisions- governments can make decisions that impact people

Question 52

History of Addlestone -endogenous factors

Answer 52

Addlestone began life as a quiet agricultural hamlet
In the 17th or early 18th centuries much of the present centre of Addlestone was a ‘healthy common’ as Addlestone Common or Marlheath
Hatch farm and Crockford Bridge farm was in existence in C.1700 because of the agricultural nature of the town and are still present today
Coxes lock Mill Addlestone was built in 1776-1777 and with the joining of the Basingstoke canal with the Wey navigation in 1796 traffic on the canals increasing significantly
Local industries grew up connected to the canals and the barges using the navigation carried timber, coal, corn, flour, wood and even gunpowder
The enclosure act of 1808 saw the loss of much common land which had previously been farmed communally
Under the enclosure, some land was set aside as small holdings for the ‘poor and dispossessed’ which were administered by a local charity and named “The Poor’s Allotment
At this time, new roads were laid to provide access to the newly enclosed land, these roads provide Addlestone with a shape we know today
In 1871 Princess Mary Village homes was established as a refuge for girls whose fathers were in prison or who needed care
The Crouch Oak (tree) believed to have originated in the 11th century. It is an important symbol of the town.(historic feature) some local businesses use this as their name today

Question 53

History of Addlestone – exogenous factors

Answer 53

In 1848, the Addlestone railway was built
The improvements in access and transportation that the new railway made possible resulted in wealthy commuters moving into Addlestone and building larger houses
The local economy was boosted in 1917 by the Bleriot aeroplane factory, Lang’s propellor factory and the Weymann’s Coachworks this caused Addlestone to expand greatly between 1914 and 1939
In the 1950s the site was taken over by Weymann to build buses and coaches who built the prototype of the AEC Routemaster by seizing trade in the mid 1960s
In 1990, the site was used by Marconi (telecommunications company), these companies were important local employers

Question 54

How did immigration change Boston, Lincolnshire?

Answer 54

The 2011 census found that around 13% of the town was born elsewhere in the EU so are largely European migrants who arrived after 2004.
It has an annual population growth of 1.6%
Unemployment here is below the national average (5.2%) only 4.4% of people are unemployed
Issues:
Economists generally find that immigration leads to an increase in average wages, however, the effects are not even. This is because people in the top half see their wages grow faster and those at the very bottom see them grow very slowly. The average hourly wage nationally is £13.33 but in Boston it’s £9.13, meaning that in a week, people from Boston can earn £100 less than the national average.
There is so a problem with local housing, because some workers come temporarily so they do not mind housing themselves poorly for a spell. So 10 single workers may each pay £60 a week to share what was a three bedroom house, netting the landlords £600 a week. That means a gross rental income from the house of perhaps £30000 a year which is much more than local families can afford for those houses. The housing supply has simply not kept up with demand. People living next to these multiple- occupied homes are also not happy.
Benefits:
The local economy has diversified and now creates work all year round which means they can sustain a lot more jobs, so need a lot more permanent residents. An example of this is that food grown elsewhere in Europe is even brought to Boston to be processed. This brings money into Boston.

Question 55

What is rebranding ?

Answer 55

Rebranding is when a place is redeveloped to gain a new identity

Question 56

What is regeneration?

Answer 56

Regeneration is a long term redevelopment with improvement to physical and economic environments

Question 57

What is re-imaging?

Answer 57

The process which disassociates place from previous bad images, usually achieved through advertising campaigns

Question 58

The cycle of urban decline following deindustrialisation:

Answer 58

Deindustrialisation occurs-industries start to reduce workforce-people are made unemployed-people have less money to spend-local shops and services get less income or customers-schools and shops start to close-low investor confidence in the area-deindustrialisation occurs

Question 59

Rebranding Stratford: Why Stratford needed rebranding

Answer 59

There was a general ‘negative image’ associated with Stratford
There was a poor public health record
Unemployment was high in the area
Any existing industry only provided a few jobs
Fly tipping was a major problem and caused the area to look ugly, discouraging investment

Question 60

Rebranding Stratford: agents of change

Answer 60

Department for Culture, Media and Sport set up a Government Olympic Executive
4 local councils involved; Hackney, Newham, Waltham Forest and Tower Hamlets
London Development Agency (they own the land), this group looked at how best to use the Park and Village during the Olympics and are also responsible for owning the legacy to ensure that it doesn’t become a white elephant development ( a project that has required a high expenditure but fails to deliver returns/ serves no useful purpose

Question 61

Rebranding Stratford: Positive impacts/ perceptions

Answer 61

State of the art facilities built for a variety of sports
150km2 media and broadcast centre built
The conversion of Athletes village into East village stands as a marker of success as it includes 49% affordable housing
The Olympics has helped schools in the area as there was a shortage of spaces but now a new school has opened in the grounds of the park
London Aquatics Centre has received more than 1 million visitors since it opened in AprIl 2014, with more than 2,000 local schoolchildren accessing it through school swimming sessions every week
9000 new homes created in the Olympic Park
The Olympics brought more than £9 billion of investment to East London
Unemployment in nearby boroughs such as Newham fell by 1% as a result of investment and development
Investment for the Olympics provided jobs in Westfield shopping centre and large companies like BT have been attracted to the area

Question 62

Rebranding Stratford: Negative impacts/ perceptions

Answer 62

Five towers being built or recently completed in Stratford include only 8% on site affordable housing
Many luxury apartments built in and around the Olympic Park are too expensive for local residents in Newham
Newham residents feel there is a clear divide between them and ‘flashy’ Westfield
House prices in the area have risen by 71% since 2005 which has meant young first time buyers can’t afford to move there
In 2015, median household incomes in Newham were around £29k, but a two bedroom unit in the Olympic Park required a minimum household income of £48k
The original character of Stratford is disappearing and many locals are not happy with this

Question 63

Rebranding Amsterdam: What is Amsterdam known for?

Answer 63

It has a multifaceted reputation. It’s known for its artistic heritage, canals, and narrow canal houses. The city is also famous for its nightlife and festivals, with several nightclubs among the world’s most renowned.
However Amsterdam is also known for its liberal and progressive values, which have made it a welcoming place for immigrants and diverse cultures. This has contributed to its image as a tolerant and inclusive city

Question 64

Was IAmsterdam a failure?

Answer 64

The “I Amsterdam” letters have been removed in 2018 from outside the Rijksmuseum in the Dutch Capital after they were accused of promoting mass tourism. By removing them, the government hopes to reduce tourist numbers. A party representative, Roomsa, claimed that as well as causing overcrowding, the sign was giving out the wrong message about the city’s values as it gave the message that everyone is an individual in a city but they wanted to show solidarity. She said “Amsterdammers want to regain their grip on the city”.
The sign was so popular that 8000 selfies were taken in front of it every day but this led to critics suggesting that people were more interested in taking a photo outside the museum rather than appreciating the artworks inside.

Question 65

Rebranding Amsterdam: What is IAmsterdam?

Answer 65

It has rebranded itself through a comprehensive city marketing called IAMSTERDAM. This was launched in 2004 and the initiate aimed to create a shared identity for the city’s residents and present an attractive image to tourists and businesses.
Communications agency KesselsKramer created this campaign
The campaign had a recognisable logo and motto, which became widely used in city branding efforts.
The rebranding focused on highlighting Amsterdam’s cultural heritage, creativity, and innovation whilst also addressing the city’s challenges, such as overcrowding and maintaining a balance between tourism and local life

Question 66

Gentrification project Red Light District Amsterdam failed:

Answer 66

Known as project 1012
10 years ago the city of Amsterdam announced a big change for the world famous Red Light District.
Many window brothels and coffee shops would be closed down to crack down on organised crimes such as human trafficking and upgrade the area.
Now 10 years later, 112 prostitution windows and 48 coffee shops are closed down but organised crime is still present and the promised upgrade of the Red Light District turned into a disaster.
The project 1012 did succeed slightly, for example, there has been a partial financial upgrade of the area as since improvements were made on public space, prices of real estate went up significantly and some streets became a success.
However, even when closing down window brothels and coffee shops, they were replaced with a new ‘monoculture’ (everything is the same) of touristy souvenir shops and cheese/ waffle shops which contributed to Amsterdam crumbling under the pressure of mass tourism.
Evidence also shows that the situation for sex workers in the Red Light District has not improved because of Project 1012, and in fact their situation has only declined as since they have less workplaces available, giving brothel owners more of a monopoly position.
This has also made the situation worse for the sex workers as the places that were closed down were more preferable for sex workers due to them being located in narrow alleys so where in high demand as customers preferred more anonymity, as opposed to the windows on the canals which are more public.
Closing windows also didn’t reduce human trafficking as it only moved underground making it more difficult to locate possible trafficking victims. Until 2016 there have been 119 victims of trafficking averaging 10 victims per year.

Question 67

Detroit quantitative data:

Answer 67

Demographic characteristics: Annual population decline of -0.27%
77.82% black or African Americans
Median age 35
Average family size of 3.62
25.17% have completed some college
Economic characteristics:
Average income of $54,054
140,000 manufacturing jobs were lost between 1947 and 1963
Detroit filed for bankruptcy in 2013
Detroit owed $20 billion in unpaid bills
Social inequalities:
Poverty rate- 31.51%
14.7% of population are unemployed
Black people experience the most unemployment e.g.
16% of black people are unemployed

Question 68

What are corporate bodies?

Answer 68

An organisation or group of people that is identified by a particular name.

Question 69

Examples of agents of change and their impacts:

Answer 69

Government policies- e.g. regeneration schemes and financial incentives for industries such as tax breaks, subsidies and enterprise zones. These attract business to places and stimulate a positive multiplier effect.
TNCs- in 2010, Mondalez International closed the Cadbury Factory near Bristol and moved production to Poland. This led to job losses for employees and factories were converted into housing.
Global institutions e.g. WHO, world bank, for example in 2015, the World Bank was running 15 development projects in Haiti. This allowed for post-earthquake reconstruction of both homes and communities.

Question 70

Medellin, Colombia facts:

Answer 70

Known as the “City of Eternal Spring” due to its mild climate
2nd largest city in Colombia
The city’s location in the Aburrá Valley, surrounded by mountains, made it a strategic hub for commerce and transportation
Has a steady annual population increase of 0.86%

Question 71

“How the demographic, socio-economic and cultural characteristics of places are shaped by shifting floors of people, resources, money and investment” Medellin: how good was the transformation here?

Answer 71

Problem: Medellin faced significant challenges including violence and crime, particularly during the late 1980s and early 90s due to the influence of the Notorious Medellin Cartel.
Since then, Medellin has invested in public transportation, education, and community projects earning international recognition for its efforts to improve quality of life and reduce inequality. However Social exclusion: efforts to intergrate all communities into the City’s development have been uneven, with some groups feeling left out of the benefits of urban renewal.

Today Medellin is celebrated for its vibrant culture and innovative spirit and resilience making it a popular tourist destination.
Key to this change was the emphasis on public transportation and infrastructure, such as the Metrocable, which connected impoverished hillside communities to the city center, improving access to education and employment. Social urbanism projects, like library parks and public spaces, fostered community engagement and reduced crime. However, Crime and violence has been significantly reduced but still remains an issue in certain areas, especially in marginalised communities also there are Infrastructure gaps, some neighbourhoods especially on the cities outskirts continue to struggle with inadequate infrastructure and public services.

Other persistent challenges:
Persistent poverty and inequality: many residents in peripheral areas still face poverty and lack access to basic services like clean water and sanitation.
Sustainability concerns:
Rapid urbanisation has led to environmental degradation, including deforestation and pollution which need ongoing attention

Question 72

Who was involved in Medellins improvements?

Answer 72

Former Mayor Sergio Fajardo (2004-2007), his administration focused on social urbanism and investing in public spaces.
Local community leaders and organisations
Urban planners and architects, organisations such as CityMakers contributed to the city’s urban transformation through innovative projects and designs

Question 73

The fall of Detroit:

Answer 73

When the car industry experimented with automation in the 1970s, assembly-line jobs were replaced with machinery causing tens of thousand of jobs to be lost. The industry shrank even more during the energy crisis in the 1970s and the economic recession in the 1980s. Foreign competition also caused profits to plummet. As auto jobs moved elsewhere and the region aged, Detroits labour costs (especially retiree health care costs) increased substantially. More than any other city in America, Detroit has felt the negative effects of globalisation.

From the 1970s there was an international oil crisis which prompted drivers to buy vehicles with greater fuel economy. Competitors from Asia such as Honda and Toyota produced more desirable models which caused Detroits big employers to suffer decline in sales and profits. Ford responded to this by cutting jobs and shutting down less efficient factors. With rising numbers of unemployed people, there was a fall in taxes raised by the working population. Therefore, the city authorities had less to invest in public services.

Question 74

Impacts of change in Detroit:

Answer 74

The great migration occurred in 1930 where 3 million African Americans travelled to Detroit to apply for new jobs created in the automotive industry this helped drive the booming industry of Detroit making it a rich city for a while.
However with the great migration problems were also made as now the population was so big, it was 1.8 million in 1950 and as of 2010 the population is 700,000, so white people felt threatened so black people faced large down payments, high interest land contracts and high maintenance costs of living facilities, this created greater degrees of residential instability and precariousness.

Linked to the great migration, violence and riots were rlly common, especially regarding housing situations as Blacks began to encroach predominantly white neighbourhoods. These riots also happened because of limited economic opportunities and a history of racial discrimination. This was the cause of the Detroit riot of 1967 which caused significant destruction and was squashed by 17,000 police, national guards, and troops, resulting in over 7000 arrests and 43 people died.

They also brought the Motown culture to Detroit and Motown had 120 singles hit the Top 20 in the 1960s and changed the direction of popular music, this created a good image for Detroit.

Question 75

The rise of Detroit:

Answer 75

By the late 19th century Detroit’s industry included leading shipbuilding, pharmaceutical and railway businesses. Detroit was successful as it was strategically located near to natural resources and and markets via railroads and steamboats. Souther Michigan (Detroit is in here) was part of a large region called the ‘steel belt’ where established waterways, canals, roads and railways helped connect iron ore mines with coal resources from the Appalachian mountains. This area was once known for its steel production and heavy industry, but this industry has greatly decreased since the middle of the 20th century.
Detroit was the Motor City that helped drive the United States forward. The ford motor company was based here, and in 1932 its Rouge River Industrial complex was the largest integrated factory in the world. It had over 100,000 workers, 120 miles of conveyer belt and a power station and plant. In the 20th century, Detroit became a booming metropolis. The Ford Factory was the largest of 125 motor factories in the city. It was the fourth largest city in America at the time.