Changing Places

Question 1

Define location

Answer 1

The physical space where a place is situated.

Question 2

Define locale

Answer 2

Culture and social dynamics of a place.

Question 3

Define sense of place

Answer 3

The subjective and emotional attachment to a place based on lived experience.

Question 4

What are the theoretical approaches to place?

Answer 4

Descriptive
Social Constructionist
Phenomenological

Question 5

What is a descriptive approach to place?

Answer 5

A place that has elements to make it identifiable. The physical features such as where it is etc.

Question 6

What is a social constructionist approach to place?

Answer 6

How a place has changed over time and how it will continue to change (temporal scale).

Question 7

What is a phenomenological approach to place?

Answer 7

How an individual experiences a place, this can vary from person to person.

Question 8

Define a near place

Answer 8

A place that is geographically near to a person, or one where there could be affinity.

Question 9

Define a far place

Answer 9

A place that is geographically far from someone, or there is lack of emotional connection.

Question 10

Define media places

Answer 10

Places that have been encouraged or discouraged by media for people to visit. Villages often considered picturesque, cities more run down and deprived.

The place has never been visited by that person.

Question 11

Define experienced place

Answer 11

Places that people have been to and know the social norms. Generally a more accurate view of a place. Experience does mean it is positive.

Question 12

Define endogenous factors

Answer 12

Factors that originate internally within a place.

Question 13

Give examples of endogenous factors.

Answer 13

Demographics
Physical geography
Socio-economic
Built environment
Political factors
Cultural factors

Question 14

Define exogenous factors

Answer 14

Factors that originate externally or from other places or the flows of people, resources etc.

Question 15

Give examples of exogenous factors

Answer 15

Flows of money
Flows of people
Flows of resources
Flows of ideas
Flows of investment
Deindustrialisation
Trade links
Distance from the capital city
Government policies.

Question 16

Define clone town

Answer 16

A place where the high street is typically dominated by large chain shops that make the place unidentifiable from others, promotes placelessness.

Question 17

Define homogenised

Answer 17

The process by which a place is very similar, socially, economically etc.

Question 18

Define placelessness

Answer 18

A person who doesn’t have a sense of place. Lack of emotional attachment, no affinity.

Question 19

Define infrastructure

Answer 19

Essential services to enable living conditions within a place. These include roads, airports, communications, healthcare etc.

Question 20

Define function

Answer 20

The reason for a place to exist.

Question 21

Who devised the terms topophobia and tophophilia?

Answer 21

Yi Fu Tuan

Question 22

Define topophobia

Answer 22

The fear of a place

Question 23

Define topophilia

Answer 23

The love of a place.

Question 24

What is the Shrinking World Theory?

Answer 24

The idea that the world is becoming more interconnected through globalisation, meaning that communications and trade are happening faster than before.

Question 25

Give some evidence for the Shrinking World Theory

Answer 25

The internet Social media Low-cost airlines Transnational corporations (TNCs)

Question 26

Who devised the terms First Space, Second Space, and Third Space and when did they?

Answer 26

Soja, 1989

Question 27

Define first space

Answer 27

Physical material space that has limits (mountains, buildings).

Question 28

Define second space

Answer 28

Representational space, how space is perceived and argued over.

Question 29

Define third space

Answer 29

Lived space, combines first and second space, which is simultaneously real and imagined.

Question 30

Define an insider

Answer 30

Someone who knows a place very well and shares cultural norms with other people.

Question 31

Give some characteristics of an insider

Answer 31

Born near to the place Has a VISA or citizenship for the country Knows the language well Knows social norms and unspoken rules Feels safe, secure, and happy

Question 32

Define an outsider

Answer 32

Someone who does not know a place particularly well and may feel isolated from the community.

Question 33

Give some characteristics of an outsider

Answer 33

Not born close to the place Does not have a citizenship or VISA Doesn't know the language well Social norms not understood Feels homesick / 'out of place'

Question 34

Define localism

Answer 34

Affection of a particular place, living in a small area for a long time, volunteering etc

Question 35

Define regionalism

Answer 35

Loyalty to a nation with population that shares interests. Cornwall - Own language, identity and heritage. People want protection of that culture.

Question 36

Define nationalism

Answer 36

Loyalty to a nation with national consciousness. Usually strengthened by common language, anthem, culture, and flags.

Question 37

Define an agent of change

Answer 37

People who impact on a place through living, working, or trying to improve the place.

Question 38

Give examples of agents of change

Answer 38

Residents Community groups Corporate entities Local governments Media

Question 39

Give examples of EXTERNAL agents of change

Answer 39

Government policies Multinational corporations Global institutions.

Question 40

Give examples of where government policies have impacted on a place

Answer 40

Financial incentives for industry (tax breaks) Multiplier effect stimulated to increase wealth Encouragement of clone towns as chain stores enter a place

Question 41

What is the knock on effect of MNCs on places?

Answer 41

Deindustrialisation of places if the workplace moves (Cadbury moving to Poland in 2010)

Question 42

How do global institutions change places?

Answer 42

World Bank running 15 development projects in Haiti. Allows Haiti to develop self sufficiently and stop relying on the World Bank. Can lead to loss of cultural norms.

Question 43

What are some ways that can places can change?

Answer 43

Working population moving out TNCs closing or moving locations Media trying to promote or demote a place Multiplier effect

Question 44

Why are not all changes to a place welcome?

Answer 44

Communities displaced because of the places changing Gentrification 'not in my backyard' 'Made by the rich, for the rich'

Question 45

What is the cycle of urbanisation?

Answer 45

Urbanisation -> sub-urbanisation -> counter-urbanisation -> reurbanisation -> Megacities and then repeats.

Question 46

What is the main factor for a place to urbanise and prosper?

Answer 46

Provision of goods and services. Wealthier cities typically supply goods at a global scale.

Question 47

What factors can complicate the cycle of urbanisation?

Answer 47

Social factors Building dereliction The cycles for the developing world are likely to be very different.

Question 48

Give examples of social welfare

Answer 48

Environmental quality Crime and drugs Built environment Percentage education Social services Cultural and religious aspects

Question 49

What are the seven indicators of deprivation?

Answer 49

Income Employment Education Health Crime Barriers to housing Built environment

Question 50

What are deciles?

Answer 50

A way of measuring social inequality - calculated using data from 32844 wards in the UK into ten groups. Decile 1 is the highest 10% deprived and Decile 10 is the lowest 10%.