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Alevel - Geography Hammy > 🟣Changing Places > Flashcards

🟣Changing Places Flashcards

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1
Q

Place vs Location

A

Location - physical point of where a place is

Place - location which has different meaning to various people

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2
Q

Define Sense of place

A

Subjective emotional attachment to a place which gives it meaning

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3
Q

Define Placelessness

A

Suggests a place is not unique, for example most UK high streets would have a Costa, Greggs, Tesco (chain stores) - not unique.

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4
Q

Define Attachment

A

Geography Yi-Fu Tuan suggests attachment (a feeling of binding one subject with another) to a place, grows stronger over time, as you have more experiences in a place and these experiences level in intensity.

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5
Q

Topophilia vs Topophobia

A

Topophilia - love of a place / strong attachement

Topophobia - dislike of a place

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6
Q

Near place

A

Those which are close to us. Near places are subjective. A woman living in the Australian outback may consider a place that is 100km away to be near, due to the ability to directly drive between settlements across the outback. In the UK a place that is 100km away may take several hours to travel to and may be considered as a far place

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7
Q

Far place

A

Those that are distant. Both near and far places may have a more emotional meaning. Some people may get ‘homesick’ if they are staying away for the first time in their lives even if they are only ten minutes drive away. They may feel ‘far’ away emotionally, even if they are physically close.

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8
Q

Experiences place

A

Places that we have actually visited. Some people would argue that you have to visit a place to create an emotional attachment to it. Others would suggest that a desire to visit a place or dislike towards it because of what you have seen through the media, is enough to create an emotional attachment

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9
Q

Media places

A

Places we have not visited, but may have learned about through media representations.

Most geographers would argue you have a more intense experience by visiting a place, which leads to a stronger attachment to it, due to the stimulation of all your senses.

Media sources can change our sense of place subconsciously.

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10
Q

Define Place character

A

Relates to specific qualities, attributes or features of a location that make it unique.

Influenced by exogenous and endogenous factors

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11
Q

Define Endogenous factors

A

Those which originate from within the place and are local.

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12
Q

Endogenous factors examples

A
  • Land use
  • Topography
  • Physical geography
  • Infrastructure
  • Demographic characteristics
  • built environment
  • location
  • economic characteristics
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13
Q

Factor - Land use

A

Endogenous

Urban or rural area

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14
Q

Factor - topography

A

Endogenous

Relieve and lie of the land
- may have advantages and disadvantages such as more susceptible to flooding or landslides

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15
Q

Factor - physical geography

A

Endogenous

Natural physical features
- coastline
- waterfalls
- mountains

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16
Q

Factors - infrastructure

A

Endogenous

Built services that enhance or are essential to loving conditions
- roads, railways, canals, airports
- broadband and phone networks
- water supply and sewers
- parks, schools, hospitals, library, public pools
- education system
- health care provision, emergency services
- local government
- law enforcement

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17
Q

Factors - built environment

A

Endogenous

  • architecture of the area
  • contemporary
  • ageing
  • historical
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18
Q

Factors - location

A

Endogenous

  • elevation
  • susceptibility to natural hazards
  • coastline
  • mountains
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19
Q

Factors - economic characteristics

A

Endogenous

  • in debt
  • growth market
  • ageing industries
  • economic sectors
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20
Q

Define Exogenous factors

A

Those which originate from outside a place and provide linkages and relationships with and to other places.

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21
Q

Exogenous factors examples

A
  • People
  • Money and Investement Trade
  • Resources
  • Ideas
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22
Q

Factors - people

A

Exogenous

Impact of tourists, workers, refugees, visitors and changing quantity of people overtime.

Germany has around 1.4 million asylum seekers who integrate into their society, through also creating political and social disputes.
This impacts Germanys place characteristics.

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23
Q

Factors - Money and Investment

A

Exogenous

Trade deals, tax, major events (eg. Sports), new businesses or movement from an area into a new area.

Investment into Stratford, London - before and after hosting the Olympics there have been long term investment plans.

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24
Q

Factors - Resources

A

Exogenous

Availability of raw materials, products, food, water and energy.

Due to good transportation networks the UK’s food is secure. If the crops fail in 1 location one year, more imports of food can be made to sustain food security.

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25
Q

Factors - Ideas

A

Exogenous

Entrepreneurs may move to an area bringing new business ideas with them and this could stimulate creative processes in the area.

26
Q

Insider vs Outsiders

A

Insider - People who have experienced a place and feel at home within the area (eg. People born in the area, hold citizenship, fluent in local language, conform with social or behavioural traits and norms in the area)

Outsider - People who haven’t experienced a place or don’t feel as though they belong in a place (Eg. Not used to the culture, not familiar to local language, not familiar to architecture).

Outsiders can become insiders over time.

27
Q

Hows perspective of place effected

A

Positive or Negative
Insider or Outsider

28
Q

Gentrification

A

Process of renovation and improvement of housing to suit a middle class
audience, usually leading to higher house prices.

29
Q

Gentrification effects on sense of place

A

Gentrification can cause insiders to feel like outsiders over time; entire districts can change and adapt to suit a different audience, meaning insiders may feel like they do not fit in with the culture or the class.

In Berlin, for example, many areas are becoming renovated to fit the new trendy and ‘hipster’ feel of the city, leaving old residents not only isolated, but unable to keep up with higher rents.

30
Q

Local Place Studies

A

Hulme
Scarborough

31
Q

Why did Hulme need regeneration?

A

1950’s
- Massive slum clearance and aimed to improve housing but failed - long / tall concrete crescents were built quickly and cheaply. Resulted in loss of community and isolation. A child died after falling off one of these buildings.
- Hulme fell into social decline as people who had money were able to move out and those who didn’t were forced to remain leaving behind the poorer of the community.
- Services shut down
- Increase in social issues (crime and vandalism)
- Unemployment increased
- Green space decreased

Overall a failed attempt at regeneration.

32
Q

How was Hulme perceived pre, during and post regeneration?

A

Pre - industrial area, densely population - lots of homes in the area.

During - derelict, failed regeneration, undesirable to live in or visit.

Post - regeneration improved the area, studentification occured - MMU Campus, some people still associate with 1960’s.

33
Q

Hulme opinions - phone call

A
  • Lack of community spirit as fewer permanent population due to studentification.
  • Moved for work reasons - MMU Campus
  • Fewer people attending church as a large proportion of the population is students.
  • Lots of smaller businesses lost to ASDA
  • Stretford road still fairly diverse
  • Small problems with students - loud music and partying.
  • No major safety concerns
34
Q

Hulme - external forces operating at city scale

A

City Challenge Partnership (1992)
- £37.5 million package given to Hulme to repair zoning mistakes leading to the new regeneration of the area.

EDC Architects
- Manchester based architects created 67 dwellings and Rolls Crescent.
- They created a range of styles and sizes of housing in order to create diversity and provide a range of house rental and buying prices for houses.
- Some houses suitable for large families (6+), some smaller or average families (3-4), some suitable for single or couple occupancy.
Overall this increased the number of people living in Hulme from 7500 to 17,500

Bellway Homes
- Locations all over UK including, Scotland, Wales and all over England (Wessex and Manchester to name a few).
- Built and helped with the selling of 1000 private owned housing - the first for over 100 years.

Government Policies
- New man Union way and foot bridge with Hulme Arch built. Increased connectivity of the area.

35
Q

Hulme - external forces Government and CCP partner scheme working with local community

A

City council set up partnerships and voluntary organisations to work with the community in Hulme before the 2nd 1990’s regeneration took place to figure what went wrong and right in the previous regeneration and what aspects of life in Hulme was the most valuable to them to maintain a positive sense of place.

Local community groups
- Involved in choice making
- Accessible services / child friendly / courtyard layout to bring back community feel and ensure more safety and accessibility.

36
Q

Hulme - studentification and gentrification conflict

A

Manchester Evening News
- “now it feels like every single place is purpose built for young people.”
- Locals raised £1400 through crowdfunded to hire planning consultants to support their cause.

Conflict between private developers and local residents over building of student housing.
- Demolition of the Game Cock Pub for student housing, this removes the last pub in Hulme, locals want t o renovate the pub rather than knock it down.

“Block the Block”

House prices rise - only option is to rent social housing in Hopton Court - families driven out.

37
Q

Hulme - Block the Block

A

Community run campaign - local residents running this campaign to prevent building a 13 storey student housing accommodation tower on the site of the Game Cock Pub.

Residents want to see a change occur so that infrastructure that benefits them would be prioritised.

Locals want to renovate the last pub in Hulme rather than knock it down.

Conflict between local residents and the MMU / external planners in student housing.

38
Q

Hulme - external forces national

A

ASDA - originated in Leeds, a large chain stored opened in Hulme, alsongside other national companies and international companies such as KFC, McDonalds, B&M).

This has caused many smaller restaurant and food services to close on the HighStreet next to the B&M in Hulme due to more people going to the chain stores rather than the Independant stores.

39
Q

Hulme - external forces international

A

The opening of KFC and McDonalds - reduced the number of people going to independant restaurants or food stalls in the area.

Increase in international students in Hulme due to MMU Campus being opened in 2014. This has lead to improvements in infrastructure.

Z-Arts was funded internationally.

40
Q

Scarborough - external international forces

A

2003 Sand side Regeneration cost £2.8 million funded by the EU.

Included the harbour and marina being regenerated to become more “family friendly.”

Environmental and social improvements were made to the area, for example improvements and increase in public seating - including the benches that remain on the shore front today.

McCains Foods - Canadian company set up factories and production spaces within the UK, including Scarborough where over £100 million has been invested and 6,000 jobs have been made.

41
Q

Scarborough - external national forces

A

Worlds largest wind farm was built off the coast of Scarborough / Yorkshire.
Dogger Wind Farm is the largest wind farm in the UK and production of the farm cost £40 billion however it now should generate 10% of the UK’s electricity.

42
Q

Advantage of census data

A

Data is reliable and factual

43
Q

Disadvantages of census data

A

Quantitative data may ignore important opinions (eg. Data may show area of land as poor and derelict but ignores the residents opinions on the area).

44
Q

Advantages of field trips

A

You can make your own option rather than relying on medias presentation of a place.

45
Q

Disadvantage of field trips

A

You may hold personal bias for/against a place which could influence qualitative descriptions.

Opinions are hard to measure.

46
Q

Advatages of art and media

A

Major contributor to a planes character so important to recognise its importance on sense of place.

47
Q

Disadvantages of art and media

A

Not quantitative, meaning its hard to record and measure.

48
Q

Advantages of advertising

A

Often presents multiple dimensions of a place meaning a lot of information is compiled into one source.

A places attractions add to their character so they’re important to consider.

49
Q

Disadvantages of advertising

A

May show a one-sided biased view, ignoring the negative of the area.

Some area may not be tourist or business based, meaning there is little advertising needed.

50
Q

Advantages of maps and photos

A

The ability to compare a places past is important as you should consider how a place has changed over time.

Maps and photos may not be influenced by peoples opinions on a place as they’re objective.

51
Q

Disadvantages of maps and photos

A

Photos may still have a subjective view (ie. Only showing good/bad areas).

Although they’re good for finding information and developing sense of place these sources of information are difficult to cite in an exam.

52
Q

Source reliability

A

Is the source objective and does it reflect the true nature of the subject?

Is the source biased / manipulated?

It difficult to be certain of source reliability - use a mix.

53
Q

What is place meaning dependant on?

A

How place is represented by tourist organisations, governments, cooperate bodies and community groups.

54
Q

What groups drive change in a place

A

Community groups
Governments
Councils
Individuals
TNC’s
National Organisations
International Organisations
Global Organisations

55
Q

Rebranding

A

Process by which forces of change aim to adapt the place meaning of a location. This could be to encourage tourism by promoting the endogenous or exogenous characteristics of the location to overtake the negative ones.

56
Q

What does rebranding involve

A

Advertisement campaigns
Infrastructure and built environment
Improvements
Positive Media Coverage

57
Q

How’s rebranding achieved

A

Community groups may enlist media groups to positively or negatively portray a place.

Councils may invest in tourism boards to portray a positive image of a location.

Governments may set out strategies such as improving infrastructure.

Individuals may start social media campaigns which suggest a different image of the place.

58
Q

Case study - Port Sunlight, The Wirral

A

Shaped almost entirely by the beliefs and ideals of William Hesketh Lever. Built on a garden village in 1888, Lever wanted to build a new factory with an adjoining model village for his workers.

1966 almost 1,000 houses and most of the public buildings because Grade II listed.

1978 the village was designated a Conservation Area.

59
Q

Case study - Devonport, Plymouth

A

Used to be naval dockyard down but it prospered and recommissioned by the navy and they built 3m high wall (storage enclave) which split residents. Naval jobs then declines. This lead to Plymouth becoming derelict and deprived as there was unsuitable housing. The government recognised this and regenerated the area (still some deprivation) but qualitative and quantatative data show that its improved.

Major redevelopment of Devonport’s docks was announced in 2020 to created 600 new jobs and further proof the economy by allowing it to refit the latest nuclear submarines.

60
Q

Case study - Medellin, Columbia

A

Was dubbed ‘the most dangerous city in the world.’ Pablo Escobar had enormous power in the city until his death in 1993. Unemployment, crime on poverty were widespread and this in turn created social inequality.

Now a model for urban regeneration and sustainable city planning through long term investments. Focussed on opportunity access for poorer and richer communities.

  • Bus rapid transit system named Metroplus, with dedicated bus lanes.
  • Extensive above-ground tram system.
  • City wide ride-sharing program.
    -Series of outdoor escalators and gondola system that carry people up and down the valley.

Alevel - Geography Hammy (4 decks)

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