Changing places Flashcards
What is a Space?
A geographical location
What is a place?
A space with a location function and a meaning
What three things must a place have?
A location
A locale (function)
A sense of place (meaning)
IN what sort of times can place be ignored or highlighted?
Times of political change
Social upheaval
Conflict
events (sporting events/elections)
What are the two types of places that aren’t in a fixed position called?
Temporarily transient
Spatially transient
What is a temporarily transient place? and example
the place is not always there all year round e.g. Glastonbury festival at worthy farm
What is a spatially transient place? and example?
A place that moves around e.g. a cruise ship (the diamond princess) or an ice cream truck
What two things build place identity?
Formal history
individual life events
What can represent place identity?
Architecture and iconography
Why do places change?
Because places are not isolated from outside influences and as a result when people objects and ideas enter the place will change
What does this mean places are?
Places are dynamic
What is an example of a place that has changed due to outside influences?
The ‘jungle of Calais’ In France
Because of the Syrian civil war, the Syrian refugee crisis started which forced many to seek a home in the UK but at the border they were forced to wait where to jungle of Calais was formed
What has Globalisation led places to look like?
Has led all places to become homogenous
What can happen if a place lacks any significant features?
Can led to a lack of attachment to said places
What four things has led to places to lose their individual place identity?
Commercialism - The push for companies to make more money
Mass marketing - all advertising and products are similar
Global culture - the rise of social media and faster transport has meant that global culture is becoming more similar
efficiency = Businesses want to make things as quickly and as cheaply as possible
What are the two extreme perceptions of place we have?
Topophilia
Topophobia
Topophilia definition
The love or like of a place
Topophobia definition
The hate of a place
What is sense of place?
Our relationship with place
What changes someone’s sense of place?
Individual experiences and formal history
What is perception of place?
The ideas and opinions we have about a place
What is place attachment?
the emotional bond between a person and place
Does our sense of place or perception of place come first?
Perception of places comes before our sense of place
What affects our attachment to a place?
The quality or intensity of the experiences we have
Why can a place that has bad experiences associated with it be a place we are attached to?
Because the experience may have been intense and therefore makes you attached to said place
What can happen if we become embedded in place?
We can be territorial, exclusive and defensive
What can defending a place lead to?
Localism, protectionism and nationalist rhetoric
What is a insider?
A person who knows a place well and knows its daily rhythm and events
What is an insiders sense of place like?
An insiders sense of place is likely more subjective (opinionated)
What is an outsiders sense of place like?
An outsiders sense of place is more objective
What type of questions do outsiders ask in regard to place?
Questions insiders wouldn’t usually ask because they have been so accustomed to their place
What is the dominant socioeconomic group and what can they do to outsiders?
The group that holds the power in a place - they can make outsiders feel out of place
What is the less powerful socioeconomic group called?
The subservient socioeconomic group
How can a person be an insider in a place even if they have never visited it before?
A person visiting a country for the first time may be an outsider, but the country may just act as a background for an event that they feel very comfortable in
What is an example of someone being an insider in a place they have never visited before?
A businessman, may be visiting Norway for the first time for a conference, in Norway they could be an outsider but in the conference they would be an insider as they understand the customs and the culture and they are familiar with the location
What is vicarious insideness?
The thought that it is possible to become an insider without even visiting a place, as place can be portrayed very well through different mediums.
What is vicarious insideness?
The thought that it is possible to become an insider without even visiting a place, as place can be portrayed very well through different mediums.
What is existential insideness?
Being an insider by living or being born in that place, subsequently building a deep identity and belonging with the place.
What is exclusion?
Feeling out of place or not belonging to a certain society.
What factors contribute to exclusion?
Affluence Status employment race religion
What is the definition of hostile architecture/defensive design?
intentional design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to guide or restrict behaviour in urban space
What is an example of hostile architecture?
Anti homeless spikes - they prevent the homeless from sleeping in certain areas at night.
What is an example of defensive design?
Uncomfortable benches within the NYC metro, they are seats that are only built for standing in order to prevent the homeless from sleeping on them
What is the case study for exclusion?
Grenfell/North Kensington
Where is Grenfell tower located?
North west Kensington, a borough in central London
How is wealth distributed within Kensington?
In the south / east is some of the richest parts of the country including Notting hill and Kensington palace, but the north of it is in the top 10% most deprived parts of the UK
What is gentrification?
an increase in popularity and reinvestment into low income places, results in increased housing costs and poor people displacement
What happened when Kensington was gentrified?
The poor could not pay the increasing cost of living and rent, and as a result they were housed by the Kensington and North Chelsea council in the 1974 Grenfell tower in poor conditions.
What happened at Grenfell tower and why was it so bad?
There was a fire there in June 2017 that killed 72 people. It was particularly deadly because:
not enough had been done in the case of the fire, there were no sprinklers installed and only one commercial staircase
Vulnerable elderly people were put on the higher floors and were unable to escape
Kensington and Chelsea had ignored warnings from residents about flammable cladding in the tower block.
Example of Gated community and overview
New Caledonian wharf gated community
- originally part of surrey docks before becoming 104 flats with an average house price of £625,000
- Views of Greenwich, the Thames and canary Wharf
- People other than those who live there cannot enter and are therefore physically excluded, in addition to the high house prices which create a physical barrier between those of high and low income
What are Endogenous factors affecting place?
Internal factors that affect the shape and characteristics of place both physical and human
What are Exogenous factors affecting place?
External factors that affect the shape and characteristics of a place - mainly the relations a place has with other places
Examples of Endogenous factors
Land use Topography Physical geography infrastructure demographic characteristics built environment Location Economic characteristics
Examples of Exogenous factors
Migration
infrastructure/transport links
international agreements
flows of investment
What are the 4 main Exogenous factors affecting place?
The flow of people
The flow of resources
The flow of money
Investment
Cast study for flow of people local and global
Polish migration in the EU in chippenham and hackney
Case study for flow of people Global?
The Windrush generation
Flow of investment Local case study?
EU investment in Welsh valleys by the ERDF
GWR investment in the London Paddington line
Flows of people global case study
Syrian refugee crisis/Calais
What are formal representations?
Representations based on fact rather than qualitative factors
What are abstract representations?
Representations that have something removed or over exaggerated to emphasize a specific part of a place
What are informal representations?
Representations that don’t necessarily present what exist, they are usually creative and or stylized
Architecture case study?
Angel of the North
Anti globalisation case study
Totnes
Rebradnding case study?
Barcelona and birmingham east side
What are the six main forces of change in place making?
International organizations Local community groups International corporations National institutions Individuals Global institutions
Examples of local community groups that changed a place
Totnes group ‘no to costa’ got a 6,000 people in a town of 8,500 to sign a petition to prevent a costa being built in the town as it already had 42 coffee shops
Bath welcomes refugees group, after the jungle of Calais in 2015 they helped refugees settle into the UK
Examples of TNC’s that changed a place
Coca cola provides training and education programmes to help give women gain skills, by making them skilled entrepreneurs
Example of a global institution that changed a place
The World bank, during the pandemic there were fears that in poor and overcrwoded locations virus transmission would be out of control. In this time, the world bank developed a methodology to identify areas at high risk of this and they donated money and aid to crowded places in cities like Cairo and Kinshasa in the DRC
What are Clone towns?
Examples are Exeter, Cambridge and Stafford where their high streets don’t reflect the diversity of the cities.
Clone towns are towns where the High Street or other major shopping areas are significantly dominated by chain stores.
