Changing Family Patterns

Question 1

Divorce
Changing patterns in divorce since the 60s

Answer 1

Since the 60s, there have been a great increase in the number of divorces in the uk. the number of divorces doubled between 1961-69 and doubled again by 1972, the trend continued, peaking in 1993 at 165,000

Question 2

Divorce
Changing patterns in divorce
Reason for fall in divorces

Answer 2

Since the 90s, fewer people are marrying in the first place and are choosing two cohabit instead.

Question 3

Changing patterns of divorce
Petitions for divorces from women

Answer 3

65% of petitions for divorce come from women which contrast to the situation in the past. in 1946, only 37% of petitions came from women.

Question 4

Changing patterns of divorce
Couples most likely to divorce

Answer 4

Couples whose marriages are greater risk include those who were married young, have children before they married or cohabit before marriage, or if one or both partners have been married before.

Question 5

Explanations for the increase in divorce
Changes in law
Kinds of changes in law

Answer 5

• equalising the grounds for divorce between sexes
  -Widening the grounds for divorce
  -making divorce cheaper

Question 6

Explanations for the increase in divorce
Changes in law
Equalising grounds

Answer 6

When the grounds were equalised for men and women, in 1923, this was followed by sharp rise and the number of divorce petitions from women.

Question 7

Explanations for the increase in divorce
Changes in the law
Widening the grounds

Answer 7

The widening of grounds in 1971 to the irretrievable breakdown made divorce easier to obtain and produced a doubling of the divorce rate almost overnight.

Question 8

Explanations for increasing in divorce
Changes in law
Making divorce cheaper

Answer 8

The introduction of legal aid for divorce cases in 1949, lowered to the cost of divorcing.

Question 9

History of divorce law

Answer 9

1923- grounds for divorce, equalise for men and women
1969 - divorce law reform act
1961 - 27,000 divorces
2004 - civil partnership act

Question 10

Explanations for increase in divorce
Changes in law
Other solutions to the problem of an unhappy marriage other than divorce

Answer 10

•Desertion
•Legal separation
•Empty shell marriage
As Divorce became easier to obtain the solutions became less popular.

Question 11

Explanations for increase in divorce
Declining, stigma and changing attitudes
Past stigmas and Churches of divorce

Answer 11

In the past divorce and divorces have been stigmatised for example, churches tended to condemn divorce, and often refuse to conduct marriage services involving divorces.

Question 12

Declining, stigma and changing attitudes to divorces
Juliet Mitchell and Jack Goody

Answer 12

important changes since 60s there’s been a rapid decline in stigma attached to divorce and divorce has become more socially acceptable. Rather than divorce being seen as shameful today it is more likely to be regarded as a misfortune.

Question 13

Secularisation of divorce
What does secularisation mean?

Answer 13

Refers to the decline in the influence of religion in society

Question 14

Secularisation of divorce
Society becoming more secular

Answer 14

Many sociologist argued that religious institutions and ideas are losing the influence and society is becoming more secular. E.g fall in church attendance rates.

Question 15

Secularisation of divorce
The result of secularisation

Answer 15

The traditional opposition of the churches to divorce causes less weight in society and people are less likely to be influenced by religious teachings when making decisions about whether to divorce or not.

Question 16

Rising expectations of marriage
The functionalist Ronald Fletcher

Answer 16

High expectations people place on marriage today is a cause of rising divorce rates. High expectations make couples less willing to tolerate and unhappy marriage, this is linked to the ideology of romantic love

Question 17

Rising expectations of marriage
Ideology of romantic love

Answer 17

An idea that has become dominant over the last couple of centuries, which is the belief that marriage should be based solely on love. If love dies there is no longer any justification for remaining married.

Question 18

Rise, the expectations of marriage
Choice on marriage in the past

Answer 18

In the past, individuals had little choice and who they married, and when the family was a unit of production marriages often contracted largely for economic reasons. Due to this, individuals were unlikely to have high expectations about marriage as a romantic union.

Question 19

Rising expectations of marriage
The view of marriage today

Answer 19

Marriage is not viewed as a binding contract, but as a relationship in which individual seek personal fulfilment, and this encourages couples to divorce if they cannot find it.

Question 20

Rising expectations of marriage
Graham, Alan and Graham Crow, 2001

Answer 20

Argued that love, personal commitment and intrinsic satisfaction are now seen as the corner stones of marriage. The absence of these feelings is itself justification for ending the relationship.

Question 21

Rising expectations of marriage
Ronald Fletcher and high divorce rates

Answer 21

Despite high divorce rates lecture takes an optimistic view and points to the continuing popularity of marriage. Most marry and the high rate of remarriage shows that they haven’t rejected marriage as an institution.

Question 22

Rise expectations of marriage
Feminist criticism to functionalists view on the continuing popularity of marriage

Answer 22

Feminist critics argue that this is to Rosy view and argue that the oppression of women within the family is the main cause of marital conflicts and divorce. Functionalists also failed to explain why it is mainly women who seek divorce.

Question 23

Divorce
Women’s increased financial dependence
Improvements in the economic position

Answer 23

Improvements in their position have made them less financially dependent on their husband, and therefore free to end an unsatisfactory marriage.

Question 24

Divorce
Women’s increased financial dependence

Answer 24

• women are more likely to be paid work today
• although women less than men, equal pain, anti discrimination laws, have helped narrow the pay gap
• girls great success and education helps them achieve better paid jobs.

Question 25

Divorce
Women’s increased financial dependence
Graham Allen and Crow
On marriage being economically embedded

Answer 25

They argue that marriage is less embedded within the economic system, and there are fewer family firms, and the family is no longer a unit of production, so spouses are not dependent on eachother economically

Question 26

Divorce
Women’s increased financial independence
Women, having their own separate source of income

Answer 26

Women, having their own separate source of income, and not having to rely on their husband, means that women do not have to tolerate conflict or the absence of love, and more willing to seek divorce if in such circumstances

Question 27

Feminist explanations of divorce
Dual burden

Answer 27

Feminist argue that married women today bear the dual burden, this has created a new source of conflict between husbands and wives, and leads to a high divorce rate.

Question 28

Feminist explanations for divorce
The private sphere of patriarchal famillies

Answer 28

While there have been improvements in women’s position in the public sphere of employment, the change in the private sphere of family has been limited as marriages remain patriarchal with men benefitting from their wives triple shift.

Question 29

Feminists explanations of divorce
Arlie Hochschild emotion work

Answer 29

For many women, the home compares favorably with work. Men’s continuing resistance to doing housework is a source of frustration making marriages less stable. The fact that both partners now work leaves less time in energy for the emotion work needed to address the problems that arise.

Question 30

Feminist explanations of divorce
When Sigle Rushton
On dual burden vs housewives and divorce

Answer 30

Mothers who have a dual burden are more likely to divorce then nonworking, mothers in marriages with a traditional division of labour. But where husbands of a working wife is involved in housework, the divorce rate lowers.

Question 31

Feminist explanations of divorce
Cook and gash on working women and divorce rates

Answer 31

They found no evidence that working women are more likely divorce, and they argue that this is because working has now become the accepted norm for married woman.

Question 32

Feminist explanation of divorce
Radical feminist, Jesse, Bernard, and growing dissatisfaction with patriarchal marriage

Answer 32

Observes that many women feel a growing dissatisfaction with patriarchal marriages and sees the rising divorce rate, and the fact that more petitions come from women is evidence of their grow acceptance of feminist ideas.

Question 33

Modernity and individualisation of divorce
Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens modern society and marriage

Answer 33

In modern society, traditional norms, such as the duty to remain with the same partner for life, loses their hold over individuals. as a result, each individual becomes free to pursue his or her own interests, this is known as the individualisation thesis.

Question 34

Modernity and individualisation of divorce
Becoming unwilling to remain with the same partner

Answer 34

Relationships become more fragile because individuals become unwilling to remain with a partner. If the marriage fails to deliver personal fulfilment, instead they seek what Giddens calls the “pure relationship”

Question 35

What is a pure relationship

Answer 35

One that exists solely to satisfy each partners needs and not out of the sense of duty tradition, or the sake of the children, this results in higher divorce rates.

Question 36

Modernity and individualisation of divorce
Modern society and individualism

Answer 36

What is society encourages individualism. For example, women are now expected to work, and are encouraged to pursue their own individual career ambitions. this causes conflict of interest between spouses.

Question 37

Meaning of a high divorce rate
The New right

Answer 37

They see a high divorce rate as undesirable because it undermines marriage and the traditional nuclear family that is vital for social stability. Divorce rate create a growing underclass of welfare, dependent female loan, parents who are a burden on the state.

Question 38

The meaning of a high divorce rate
Feminists

Answer 38

Feminist high divorce rate as desirable because it shows that women are breaking free from the oppression of the patriarchal nuclear family

Question 39

The meaning of a high divorce rate
Post-modernist and individualisation thesis

Answer 39

They see a high divorce rate of showing that individuals now have the freedom to choose to end a relationship when it no longer meets their needs. They see it as a major cause of greater family diversity.

Question 40

The meaning of a high divorce rate
Functionalists

Answer 40

Functionalist argue that high divorce rate is not necessarily a threat to marriage as a social institution. It is simply the result of peoples high expectations of marriage. Today the high rate of marriage shows peoples continuing commitment to the idea of marriage.

Question 41

The meaning of a high divorce rate
Interactionist
David Morgan

Answer 41

They aim to understand what divorce means to the individual. Morgan argues that we cannot generalise about the meaning of divorce because every individuals interpretation of it is different.

Question 42

The meaning of a high divorce rate
The personal life perspective
Carol Smart

Answer 42

divorce can cause problems such as financial difficulties and a lack of daily contract between children and non-resident parents. Carol Smart argues that divorces become normalised, and that family life could adapt to it without disintegrating.

Question 43

Partnerships
Marriage
Changes in the pattern of marriage in recent years

Answer 43

Fewer people are marrying however, there are more remarriages in 2012 1/3 of all marriages were remarriages. People are marrying later and couples are less likely to marry in church. In 2013 only 30% of weddings were conducted with a religious of ceremonies.

Question 44

Marriage
Reasons for changing patterns of marriage
Changing attitudes to marriage

Answer 44

There is less pressure to marry and more freedom for individuals to choose the type of relationship they want. There is a widespread belief that the quality of couples relationship is more important than its legal status.

Question 45

Marriages
Reasons for changing patterns of marriage
Secularisation

Answer 45

The churches are in favour of marriage, but as their influence declines, people feel freer to choose not to marry. According to the 2001 census, only 3% of young people with no religion were married, against 17% of those with a religion.

Question 46

Marriages
Reasons for changing patterns in marriage
Declining stigma attached to alternatives to marriage

Answer 46

cohabitation, remaining single, and having children outside marriage are all regarded as acceptable, and pregnancy no longer automatically led to a “shotgun wedding”. In 1989 70% believed that couples who want children should get married, but this dropped to 42% by 2012.

Question 47

Marriages
reasons for changing patterns of marriage
Changes in the position of women

Answer 47

Women now have better educational and career prospects, and are now less economically dependent on men which gives them greater freedom not to marry. marriage is an oppressive patriarchal institution which dissuades women from marrying ~ feminist view

Question 48

Marriages
Reasons for Changing patterns of marriage
Fear of divorce

Answer 48

With the rising divorce rate, some may put off marrying because they see the increase likelihood of marriage ending in divorce

Question 49

Marriage
Reasons for changing patterns of marriage
ReMarriages

Answer 49

The main reason for the increase in remarriages is the rise in number of divorces the two have grown together, so that the rising number of divorces provides a supply of people available to remarry.

Question 50

Marriages
Reasons for changing patterns of marriage
Age on Marrying

Answer 50

The age of which couples marry is rising because young people are postponing marriage in order to spend longer in full-time education, and to establish themselves in a career.

Question 51

Marriages
Reasons for changing patterns of marriage
Church weddings

Answer 51

Couples nowadays are less likely to marry in church, due to secularisation, and many churches refuse to marry divorcees or divorcees have less desire to marry in church

Question 52

Partnerships
Cohabitation
Growth of cohabiting couples

Answer 52

Cohabiting, couples with children are a fast growing family type and there are 2.9 million cohabiting heterosexual couples in Britain. There’s an estimated 69,000 same-sex cohabiting couples.

Question 53

Partnerships
Cohabitation
Reasons for the increase in cohabitation

Answer 53

Decline in stigma attached to sex, outside marriage. The young are more likely to accept cohabitation increased career opportunities for women mean they have less need for financial security. Secularisation mean that young couples with no religion, and more likely to cohabit.

Question 54

Partnerships
Cohabitation
The relationship between prohibition and marriage

Answer 54

Although cohabitation is increasing as marriage decreases, the relationship is not clear cut. For some couples cohabitation is the next step on the way to getting married, where others see it as a permanent alternative to marriage

Question 55

Partnerships
Cohabitation
The relationship between cohabitation and marriage
Robert Chester and Ernestina coast

Answer 55

Robert argues that for most people cohabitation is part of the process of getting married. coast found the 75% of cohabiting couples say that they expect to marry each other.

Question 56

Partnerships
Cohabitation
A trial marriage?
Cohabitation as a trial marriage

Answer 56

Many feel cohabitation as a trial marriage and intend to marry if it goes well. most cohabiting couples decide to marry if they have children. For some, it is a temporary phase before marriage, because one of both partners are waiting a divorce.

Question 57

Partnerships
A trial marriage
Cohabitation as a permanent alternative
Andre Bejin 1985

Answer 57

Some people see prohibition as a permanent alternative. Andre argues that cohabitation among some people represents a conscious attempt to create a more personally negotiated and equal relationship

Question 58

Partnerships
A trial marriage
Prohibition as a permanent alternative to marriage
Shelton and John

Answer 58

They found that women who cohabit do less housework than their married counterparts, showing that cohabitation does not mean the same thing to every couple, and the term covers a diverse range of partnerships.

Question 59

Partnerships
Same-sex relationships
Stonewall and campaign for LGBT rights

Answer 59

campaigns for LGBT rights estimates that about 5 to 7% of the adult population today have the same sex relationships. It is impossible to judge if this represents an increase because in the past stigma and illegality meant that relationships were hidden.

Question 60

Partnerships
Same-sex relationships
Evidence of increased social acceptance of the same sexual relationships
Policies

Answer 60

There has been evidence through the male homosexual act in 1967, and recently the age of consents been equalised with a heterosexuals. 2004, the civil partnership act gave same-sex couples similar legal rights to married couples in respect of pensions and inheritance.

Question 61

Partnerships
Chosen families
Jeffrey weeks and social acceptance of same-sex cohabitation

Answer 61

Argues that increased social acceptance, explains a trend towards same-sex Cohabitation and stable relationships thats resembles those found among heterosexuals.

Question 62

Partnerships
Chosen families
Jeffrey weeks and creating families on the idea of friendship as kinship

Answer 62

Weeks sees gays are creating families based on the idea of friendship and kinship with friendships become a type of kinship network. Sees these as chosen families and argues that they offer the same security and stability as heterosexual families.

Question 63

Partnerships
Chosen families
Cath Weston and “quasi marriage”

Answer 63

She describes, same sex cohabitation as “quasi marriage”, notes that many gay couples are now deciding to cohabit as stable partners, which contrast with the gay lifestyle of the 70s, which rejected monogamy and family life.

Question 64

What is a quasi marriage?

Answer 64

A category that disassociates itself from the legal concepts of marriage, but has the same effect as marriage.

Question 65

Partnerships
Chosen families
Graham Allen and Crow Effect on same-sex couples

Answer 65

They argue that’s because of the absence of framework like marriage until recently, same sex partners have had to negotiate their commitment and responsibilities more than married couples, making their relationship more flexible, less stable

Question 66

Partnerships
Chosen families
Anna Einasdottir
Effect of marriage in same sex couples

Answer 66

While many gay and lesbians welcome the opportunity to have their partnerships legally recognised. others fear that it may limit the flexibility and negotiability of their relationship.

Question 67

Partnerships
One person households
The rise in one person households

Answer 67

There has been a big rise in 2013 almost 3/10 households contained only one person. 40% of oh, one person household are over 65 and by 2033 30% of adults will be single.

Question 68

Partnerships
Reasons for the changes of one person households
Increasing separation and divorce

Answer 68

The increase in separation and divorce has created more one person households, especially among men under 65. Following a divorce, children are more likely to live with their mother, and their father is more likely to leave the family.

Question 69

Partnerships
Reasons for the changes in one person household
Decline in number of marriages

Answer 69

The decline in the numbers marrying and trends towards Marrying later mean more people are remaining single. The proportion of adults who are single have risen by half since 1971. There’s a growing number for opting for “creative single-hood”

Question 70

What is creative singlehood?

Answer 70

Deliberate choice to live alone. This occurs as people can’t find the suitable partner or are not happy to settle. some live alone, because there are not enough partners available in their age group e.g widows.

Question 71

Partnerships
“Living apart together”
Simon, Duncan and Miranda Phillips

Answer 71

British social attitude survey, they found that 1/10 adults are living apart together, they’re in a relationship, but not married or cohabiting.This is a half of all people classified as single. Suggests that this may reflect a trend towards less formalised relationships

Question 72

Living apart together together
Duncan and Phillips and constraint on whether couples live together

Answer 72

They found that some couples don’t live together as they cannot afford to.

Question 73

Partnerships
Public attitudes towards living apart together

Answer 73

Attitude, a favourable, and a majority believe that a couple do not need to live together to have a strong relationship. 20% see it as their ideal relationship.

Question 74

Parents and children
What is childbearing?

Answer 74

Process of giving birth to children

Question 75

Parents and children
Growth of childbearing and registration of birth

Answer 75

Nearly 47% of all children are now born outside marriage over twice as many in 1986 however, nearly all births are jointly registered by both parents.

Question 76

Parents and children
Childbearing
Women and having babies now and how many

Answer 76

Women are having children later, their average age of birth of their first child raised to 28.1 years. Women are having few children and in 20 century and the average number of children per woman felt to 1.6.

Question 77

Parents and children
Childbearing
Women not having children now

Answer 77

More women are remaining childless, and it is predicted that a quarter of those born in 1973, will be childless when they reach the age of 45.

Question 78

Parents and children
Childbearing
Reasons for the changes
Increase in births outside marriage

Answer 78

Reasons for the increase in births outside, marriage, included, declining, stigma, and increase in cohabitation. Only 28% of 25 to 34-year-olds now think marriage should come before parenthood

Question 79

Parents and children
Reasons for changes of childbearing
Women are having children at a later age

Answer 79

Later Age of woman having children mean there are smaller family sizes A more woman are remaining childless, which reflects the fact that women now have more options than just motherhood.

Question 80

Parents and children
Loan, parent families
Stats

Answer 80

Lone parent families now make up 22% of all families and over 90% of these are headed by a lone mother. until the 90s, children from loan parent families are twice likely to be in poverty.

Question 81

Children and parents
Reasons for the patterns of loan, parent families
Divorce and separation

Answer 81

Number of loan parent families has risen due to the increase in divorce and separation, linked to the decline and stigma against single woman.

Question 82

Reasons for the patterns of loan, parent families
Increase a number of never married woman having children

Answer 82

Due to the increase in number of never married women having children led to a rise in lone parent families, this is linked to the decline in stigma attached to birth marriage.

Question 83

Reasons for patterns of loan, parent families
Why loan Parent families tend to be female headed

Answer 83

Widespread belief that women play the expressive role. divorce courts usually give custody of children to mothers and because the men are less willing than women to give up work to care for children.

Question 84

Reasons for the patterns of loan, parent families
Single by choice

Answer 84

Many loan parent families are female headed because of mothers are single by choice and they wish to not cohabit or marry, or they may wish to limit the father’s involvement with the child.

Question 85

Reasons for the patterns of loan, parent families
Single by choice
Jean Renvoize 1985

Answer 85

She found that professional woman were more able to support their child without the fathers involvement over poorer mothers.

Question 86

Reasons for the patterns of loan, parent families
Single by choice
Ellis Cashmore, working class mothers

Answer 86

some W/C mothers with less earning power chose to live on welfare benefits without a partner because they had experienced abuse. Feminist ideas, greater opportunities have encouraged an increase in the number of unmarried loan mothers.

Question 87

Loan parenthood the welfare, state and poverty
New right Charles Murray 1984
The growth of lone parent families

Answer 87

He sees the growth as resulting from an over generous welfare state, providing benefits for unmarried, mothers. creating a preserve incentive which rewards in irresponsible behaviour such as having children without providing for them. Suggests abolishing welfare benefits

Question 88

Loan parented the welfare, state and poverty
Criticisms of the new rights view

Answer 88

They argue that welfare benefits are far from generous and loan. Parent families are more likely to be in poverty.

Question 89

Loan parenthood the welfare, state and poverty
Criticism to the new right perspective
Reasons for loan parents families being more likely to be in poverty

Answer 89

Lack of affordable childcare prevents loan parents from working 60% of them are unemployed. In adequate welfare benefits. Most are women who generally earn less than men, as well as the failure of fathers to pay child maintenance.

Question 90

Parents and children
Step families
Stats

Answer 90

Step families account for over 10% of all families. In 85% of stepfamilies least one child is from the women’s previous relationship. While in 11%. There is at least one child from the man’s previous relationship. Only 4% is there children from both partners.

Question 91

Parents and children
Step families
Elsa, Ferri and Kate Smith 1998

Answer 91

Found that stepfamilies are very similar to first families in all major respects, and that the involvement of step parents in childcare and child rearing is a positive one, but they found that step families are at a greater risk of poverty.

Question 92

Parents and children
Step families
Graham Allen and Graham Crow 2001

Answer 92

Step families may face particular problems of divided loyalties and issues such as contract with the non-resident parent (other biological parent of the child) can cause tensions.

Question 93

Parents and children
Step families
Jane ribbons, McCarthy, 2003

Answer 93

Concludes that there is a diversity among these families, and we should speak of “step families” plural rather than the “step family”. Some have a few tensions, while others that do, the tensions are not so different from those in intact families.

Question 94

Reasons for the patterns of step families
Formation of step families

Answer 94

Step families are formed when loan parents forms new partnerships. The factor causing an increase in the number of loan parents such as divorce and separation are also responsible for the creation of step families.

Question 95

Reasons for the patterns of step families
Children coming from the women’s previous relationship

Answer 95

More children and step families are from the women’s previous relationship then the man’s because when marriages inhibitions break up, children are more likely to remain with their mother.

Question 96

Reasons for the patterns of step families
Greater risk of poverty

Answer 96

Step families are at a greater risk of poverty because they are often more children and because of stepfather may also have to support children from a previous relationship.

Question 97

Reasons for the patterns of step families
Greater risk of poverty

Answer 97

Step families are at greater risk poverty because there are often more children and because of stepfather metals have to support children from a previous relationship

Question 98

Reason for the patterns of step families
Tensions

Answer 98

Some tensions faced by step families. Maybe the result of a lack of clear social norms about how individual should behave in such families.

Question 99

Ethnic differences in family patterns
Black families
Proportion of Loan parent families

Answer 99

Black Caribbean and African people have a higher proportion of loan parent households. in 2012 over half of families with dependent children headed by black person were loan parent families. Compares to only 1/9 Asian households as loan parent.

Question 100

Ethnic differences in family patterns
Black families
High rate of female headed loan, parent black families

Answer 100

The high rate of female-headed loan parent black families have sometimes been seen as evidence of family disorganisation that has been traced back to slavery or high rate of unemployment among black males.

Question 101

Ethnic differences in family patterns
Black families
Slavery and family patterns

Answer 101

Under slavery couples were sold separately, children stayed with their mother. this established patterns of family that persists today and argues that male unemployment and poverty meant that black men are less able to provide for the family resulting in higher rates of desertion

Question 102

Ethnic differences and family patterns
Black families
Heidi safia Mirza and the cause of high rate of loan parent families

Answer 102

Argues that the higher rate of loan, parent families among blacks is not the result of disorganisation, but reflects the high valley that black women in place on independence.

Question 103

Ethnic differences and a family patterns
Black families
Tracy Reynolds, 2010 and lone parent families

Answer 103

She argues that the statistics are misleading in that many apparently “loan” parents are in fact, in stable, supportive and non-cohabiting relationships.

Question 104

Ethnic differences and family patterns
Asian families
Family sizes

Answer 104

Pakistani and Indian households tend to be larger than those of other ethnic groups. Such households contain 3 generations and they’re partly a result of the younger age profile of British Asians, since a high proportion are in the childbearing age groups.

Question 105

Ethnic differences and family patterns
Asian families
Larger households reflection of cultures

Answer 105

Larger Asian households also reflect the value placed on extended family in Asian cultures. However, practical considerations such as the need for assistance when migrating to Britain are also important.

Question 106

Ethnic differences and family patterns
Asian families
Roger Ballard 1982, families as a source of support

Answer 106

Found the extended family ties, provided an important source of support among Asian migrants during the 50s and 60s. in this period of migration houses were often shared by extended families. frequent visiting and kinship networks used as a source of support.

Question 107

The extended family today
Nikkie Charles 2008 and the three generation family now

Answer 107

In the study of Swansea, Charles found the classic three generation family will live together under one roof is now extinct, and the only exceptions were among the cities Bangladesh community

Question 108

The extended family today
Peter Wilmot and the extended family not disappeared

Answer 108

that extended families continue to exist as a “dispersed extended family” where relatives are geographically, separated, but maintain frequent contact through visits and phone calls

Question 109

The extended family today
Mary Chamberlain, extended families and Caribbean families

Answer 109

She found in Britain that, despite being geographically disbursed, they continue to provide support and describes them as multiple nuclear families with close frequent contact. The extended family survives as it performs important functions for its members.

Question 110

The extended family today
Colin Bell
working class and middle-class families and providing support

Answer 110

Among the middle-class, there are more financial help from father to son. In working class families, there is more frequent contact and there’s more domestic help from mothers to daughters.

Question 111

Extended family today
The beanpole family
Colin Bell and Julia Brennan

Answer 111

Bell suggests the importance of the beanpole family, a type of extended family, Julia Brennan describes as long and thin. Its extended vertically by three generations or more, but not extended horizontally through the involvement of aunties and uncles.

Question 112

Extended family today
The beanpole family
Demographic changes that led to being pole families

Answer 112

Increased life expectancy means more surviving grandparents and great grandparents.
Small family sizes mean people have fewer siblings and fewer horizontal ties.

Question 113

The extended family today
Obligations to relatives
Janet, Finch and Jennifer Mason, and obligation to help wider extended families

Answer 113

They found that over 90% of people had given or received financial help and about half had cared for a sick relative. However, they found that is expected more from females than males.

Question 114

The extended family today
Obligations to relatives
Cheal and the help of household tasks

Answer 114

Argues that help should be given by the spouse, and then daughter, and then daughter-in-law, finally by the Son. When care for an elderly woman is needed, the daughter or daughter-in-law, is preferred if the husband isn’t available.

Question 115

Extended families today
Obligations to relatives
Daughters playing unequally in the family.

Answer 115

while daughters are more likely than sons to take responsibility for the care of elderly relatives, not all the daughters in the family play equal part.

Question 116

The extended family today
Obligations to relatives
Mason
Obligations women feel towards relatives

Answer 116

Whether women feel responsibility of the care of elderly relatives depends on the history of the relationship and the obligations they feel towards their relatives, also responsibilities they have that would prevent them from getting involved.

Question 117

The extended family today
The extended family playing an important role for many people today

Answer 117

They provide practical and emotional support when called upon. However, it’s very different from Parsons classic extended family whose members lived and work together. However, some sense of obligation remains, especially in times of crisis.

Question 118

Extended families today
The important role that extended families have for people today

Answer 118

They provide practical and emotional support when called upon, but it’s different from Parsons. Classic extended family who’s members lived and work together, but there is a sense of obligation, especially at times in crisis.