Changing Economic World Flashcards
What does GNI measure? Increase or decrease with development? - CEW
The total of all money produced per year by a country’s workers
As a country develops it gets higher
What does GNI/Capita measure? Increase or decrease with development? - CEW
A country’s total GNI shared equally among the people of a country
As a country develops it gets higher
What does people per doctor measure? Increase or decrease with development? - CEW
The number of people in a country that an average doctor would see
As a country develops it gets lower
What does HDI measure? Increase or decrease with development? - CEW
Presents a combination of a nation’s literacy, life expectancy and GNI/Capita on a score between 0 and 1
As a country develops it gets lower
What does access to safe water measure? Increase or decrease with development? - CEW
The percentage of a country’s population with access to a safe water supply
As a country develops it gets higher
What does Infant Mortality Rate measure? Increase or decrease with development? - CEW
The number of children per 1000 per year that die before the age of 1
As a country develops it gets lower
What does literacy rate measure? Increase or decrease with development? - CEW
The percentage of a country’s adults who can read and write
As a country develops it gets higher
What does life expectancy measure? Increase or decrease with development? - CEW
The average number of years a person from a particular country is meant to live
As a country develops it gets higher
What does death rate measure? Increase or decrease with development? - CEW
The number of deaths per 1000 people in a country
As a country develops it gets lower
What does birth rate measure? Increase or decrease with development? - CEW
The number of births per 1000 people in a country
As a country develops it gets lower
How did the Brandt Line classify countries? How is it flawed in the modern day? - CEW
Classified the country into the rich, manufacturing North and poor agricultural South.
Produced in 1981 and is too simple as there are varieties in wealth both North and South. Geographically incorrect (AUS, NZ in the South but classed as North)
Some countries in the south have developed like Brazil, China since 1981
What is a better classification of global WEALTH? - CEW
By using a country’s GNI
What are NEEs? - CEW
A newly emerging economy is a country who has recently experienced high economic development due to rapid growth of industry.
What is a better classification of global DEVELOPMENT? - CEW
The UN HDI (human development index) includes life expectancy, length of education and GNI/capita to produce a score
What is a disadvantage of HDI? - CEW
It gives a general average for a country as a whole, ignoring inequalities within regions in a country
What is the DTM? - CEW
The demographic transition model is a diagram that shows changes over time in the population of a country. It does this by demonstrating the changes in birth and death rate, and the impacts on population
Describe the characteristics of stages 1 and 2 of the DTM - CEW
1 - High birth rate, high death rate constantly fluctuating because of disease, war, famine. Stable population.
2 - Death rate decreases, birth rate remains high as healthcare improves. Population increases fairly quickly. Countries like Afghanistan
Describe stages 3 and 4 of the DTM - CEW
3 - Birth rate drops rapidly and death rate decreases still but slowly. Population still increasing but slowly. Countries like Kenya
4 - Low birth rate, low death rate. Fluctuating birth and death rate, countries in stable economies like USA, France, UK
Describe stage 5 of the DTM - CEW
5 - Birth rate falls below the death rate so national decrease steps in, death rate increases due to ageing population. Total population begins to dip. Very few countries GERMANY, Eastern European, JAPAN
What stages of the DTM are LICs, NEEs and HICs? - CEW
1 + 2 = LICs
3 = NEEs
4 + 5 = HICs
How can rapid population growth cause problems? - CEW
As a population increases, a country’s ability to provide resources for the population decreases. Strain is put on health and education services, as well as infrastructure.
Name 2 physical causes of uneven development - CEW
Weather hazards - climactic events like tropical storms and floods can continually strike an area, damaging infrastructure and jobs
Climate related disease - malaria in Africa affects the percentage of a population who can work and go to school
Natural resources - having few natural resources means that a country struggles to earn money from trade and sell in world markets
Name 2 economic causes of uneven development - CEW
World Trade - developed countries like USA and EU countries dominate world trade and can pay the smallest possible amount for raw materials. LICs suffer as a result of low costs
Debt - countries borrow money to invest in infrastructure to grow economies, however it can be hard to repay with interest rates, which means a country can spend all money on repaying debt
Name 2 historical causes of unequal development - CEW
Colonisation - colonised countries often have raw materials taken by their invaders to be used for manufacture of high cost produce. Conflict - money is spent on wars and fighting instead of development, people of working age are fighting and often killed. War disrupts international investment, as well as damages infrastructure.
What disparities in WEALTH does uneven development cause? (Give specific examples) - CEW
People in developed countries are wealthier than those in less developed. Significant gap in living standards. GNI/Capita is 40x higher in the UK than in Chad.
Wealth is heavily concentrated in areas, with the USA having 35% of global wealth, whilst Africa has 1%
What disparities in HEALTH can uneven development cause? - CEW
Life expectancy in HICs is higher than in LICs due to a gap in investment in healthcare. In the UK it is 81, compared to 51 in Chad.
Infant mortality rates are higher in LICs due to infectious diseases and less access to safe water. In the UK it is 4/1000 compared to 85/1000 in Chad
What is an impact of disparities in health and wealth? - CEW
Many people migrate from LICs to HICs due to better standards of life in HICs. Opportunities abroad.
What specific evidence is there for international migration as a result of uneven development? - CEW
11 million Mexicans live illegally in the USA
The UAE is made up of 83% foreigners, with 2.8 million Indians. Many work in construction
What are social, economic and environmental PUSH factors for international migration? - CEW
S - Lack of education, poor healthcare, poor housing
Ec - High taxes, few well paid jobs, a country in debt
Env - Drought, poor crop yields, lack of green spaces
What are social, economic and environmental PULL factors for international migration? - CEW
S - higher education (uni), access to hospitals/ GPs, better houses
Ec - Cheaper taxes, better employment, high government funding
Env - Good water supplies, fertile soils, low pollution
What is a TNC? (What sectors in HICs/LICs?) - CEW
A TNC is a company which operates in a range of countries
HQs, sales and research in HICs
Manufacture in LICs
Describe the Foreign Direct Investment multiplier effect? - CEW
A TNC builds a factory for manufacturing in an LIC with low taxes and a skilled workforce. The TNC and their workers pay taxes to the government of a country, which can be invested in schools, healthcare and infrastructure. A population becomes better educated and healthier. Opportunities for new investments in higher paid jobs by new TNCs
How does fair trade help develop a country? (Specific example WHAT DOES IT DO, WHAT DOES IT IMPROVE) - CEW
Fair trade helps improve trading conditions, ensuring farmers get a fair price for crops by advocating the higher price for exporters of products like coffee, cocoa, sugar, bananas, chocolate. Extra money helps improve healthcare, education and infrastructure in regions
What is intermediate technology? (Specific Example, how does it help develop a region?) - CEW
Technology that is sustainable and appropriate to the skills, wealth, knowledge and needs of the local people.
PUMPKIN TANK - made from concrete and strengthened with wire so unlikely to break, sustainable. Made from locally available materials, and can be fixed with local materials. Simple to use.
What are microfinance loans? (Specific example, how does it help to develop a region?) - CEW
Nokia set up plan to stimulate local business in Uganda, with loans financed by a bank. Someone in village receives loan to set up business with a phone, an aerial, a battery. Used by people to make calls. Profit repays the loan whilst money goes into the community through investment. Profit can improve healthcare, education.
What is Debt Relief? (Specific example, how does it help to develop a region?) - CEW
In 2005, 68 wealthy countries agreed to cancel debts if countries could manage own economies, show there was no corruption, agree to spend cancelled debt on education, healthcare and reducing poverty. Means a country can afford to invest in social infrastructure.
How does tourism help to develop a country? - CEW
A hotel is opened, creating jobs in service sector. Workers and tourists spend money in the local economy which means a government receives more taxes. This money can be used to expand an airport to increase the tourist industry.
How does Kenya use tourism to develop a country? - CEW
10% of Kenya’s jobs are created by tourism
Foreign currency used by tourists can be invested into healthcare and education to improve quality of life
Enables local people to learn skills in construction and tourism sectors
How is tourism limited in developing countries? - CEW
Foreign companies often bring foreign workers to do skilled jobs, so local people only do low skilled, poorly paid work
Pollution from tourism can damage wildlife habitats
Profits often don’t stay in the local community, and go to the HQ of the hotel company
What problems are there with investment, industrial development and aid? - CEW
Investment - wages and working conditions can be low, most of the profit leaves host country and goes to home of the TNC
Industrial - can lead to rapid rural-urban migration resulting in squatter settlements, industry can create industrial waste and loss of biodiversity
Aid - large scale aid projects can lead to debts if not managed, countries can become aid dependent
What problems are there with intermediate technology, fair trade? - CEW
Technology - small scale projects may not have the same status as larger projects like HEP Dams
Fair trade - farmers have to pay for cost of certification (hard for some farmers), big companies claim to be fairtrade, but only some products are
What problems are there with debt relief, micro finance loans? - CEW
Debt relief - countries may risk debt in the hope that they will be allowed debt relief if it cannot be repaid
Microfinance - if not paid back, can lead to debt
Where is Nigeria located? - CEW
Nigeria is located in Western Africa on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. To the West is Benin, and to the North is Niger
What is Nigeria’s global and regional importance? - CEW
Global - Nigeria is the world’s 12th largest oil provider, 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping
Regional - Africa’s biggest economy, part of ECOWAS, 167 million population
Describe Nigeria’s social context (religion, ethnic tensions, inequality) - CEW
Mainly Muslim North of the country, Christians in the South. Tensions created by Muslims and Christians due to actions of extremist group Boko Haram
What is Nigeria’s cultural context? (Entertainment, Sport) - CEW
Nollywood is in the top 3 film industries in the world
Has won AFCON 3 times, Super Eagles, hosted U20 World Cup
What is Nigeria’s environmental context? - CEW
North is semi desert due to high temperatures, low rainfall
South is rainforest-like, with a high annual rainfall, humid
Compare Nigeria’s social indicators with the UK. What does this indicate? - CEW
Nigerian Life Expectancy - 53 UK Life Expectancy - 81 Indicates lower standards of healthcare Nigeria literacy rate - 61% UK literacy rate - 99% Indicates better education standards
What were traditional Nigerian exports, and what has this changed to? - CEW
Traditional - farming, millet, cocoa beans, chocolate
Today - manufactures secondary goods due to rise in industry like cars and pharmaceuticals
Why has Nigeria’s economy rapidly grown? - CEW
The majority of the population speaks English (former colony), rapid technological advances and use of telecommunications
What is the importance of oil to Nigeria? - CEW
Sits on huge oil reserves in the Niger Delta. 12th largest oil exporter in the world, home to oil TNCs like Shell
Why do TNCs operate in Nigeria? - CEW
Nigeria has a skilled workforce and is rich in natural resources. Has low taxes.
What are advantages of TNCs in Nigeria in terms of jobs, tax and investment? - CEW
Jobs - unemployment decreases as TNCs being new jobs and careers to Nigeria
Tax - provide money to local economies and govt. through taxation of the TNC and the jobs
Investment - the tax money can be invested in social services like schools and hospitals
What are disadvantages of TNCs in terms of environment, working conditions and profit leakage? - CEW
Env - can result in oil spills in Niger Delta reducing biodiversity, damage water
Conditions - basic working conditions as Nigeria may not have health standards or minimum wage
Profit - any profit made can often leave the LIC and return to the HQ of the TNC
Describe Nigeria’s political links with ECOWAS, UN and their imports - CEW
ECOWAS - Leading member of Africa’s economies
UN - 5th largest contributor of UN peacekeeping troops
Imports - petroleum from USA and EU, cars from Brazil
What percentage of Nigeria’s population lives below the National poverty line? - CEW
35% of Nigeria’s people live below the national poverty line
What percentage of all aid to African countries goes to Nigeria? - CEW
4% of all African aid goes to Nigeria
What percentage of those in poverty live in rural areas? - CEW
75% of the population in poverty lives in rural areas
What is an example of aid given to Nigeria? - CEW
‘Nets for Life’, where NGOs give mosquito nets to prevent malaria. Better for aid to go to communities than governments due to corruption
Describe 2 environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria (problem, cause, impact) - CEW
Oil spills in the Niger delta. Caused by careless drilling, decreases biodiversity, contaminates water.
Soil erosion in the North, deforestation, over-cultivation, desertification/loss of biodiversity
Air pollution in cities, rise in industry and greenhouse gas production, respiratory issues
What evidence is there of social improvements in Nigeria? - CEW
Increase in life expectancy - 41 to 52 in 2015
Growth of GDP - now classed as an NEE and a middle income country
Literacy rate increased from 55% to 59% in 2015
How many children used to go to secondary school prior to aid?How many children now receive education as a result of UK aid to Nigeria? - CEW
1 in 4 children used to go to secondary school
481,000 children now receive education
What percentage of Kenya’s jobs are created by tourism? - CEW
10% of Kenya’s jobs are created by tourism
Name 3 reasons the UK’s economy has changed due to globalisation - CEW
Mechanisation of farming and business has led to workers being replaced with more reliable and cheaper machines
Crops and resources are cheaper from abroad can be mass produced and harvested using cheap labour
Nearly 50% of people in the UK apply for university, resulting in a high demand for graduate jobs in services and quaternary industries
Name 3 reasons the UK’s economy has changed due to deindustrialisation - CEW
The availability of natural resources has declined in the UK as we have used them, or they are too expensive
UK factories have closed and manufacture has moved abroad to LICs where wages are lower and health and safety is worse
The UK’s manufacture sector is less productive than others and the industries could pollute the environment
Name 3 reasons why the UK’s economy has changed due to government policy - CEW
In the 1970s and 80s the government privatised and sold many companies which cost jobs in coal and steel production
The government invested £5bn in high tech research and development
Primary industries are restricted by laws (fishing under EU quotas)
There is more investment in quaternary and tertiary industries
What is globalisation? - CEW
The growth and spread of ideas globally such as the spread of cultures, money, goods or industry
What was the UK’s economy like in the 1800s and what was it like in the 1900s? (Which industries?) - CEW
1800s - 75% primary, 15% secondary, 10% tertiary
1900s - 30% primary, 55% secondary, 15% tertiary
How did the UK’s economy change after WW2? - CEW
Industries like coal and steel closed as firms chose to import resources from abroad where labour and land were cheaper
What is the UK’s economy like in the 2000s? What is the aim of the government in this period? - CEW
2000s - 2% primary, 15% secondary, 74% tertiary, 9% quaternary
The government aims to rebalance the economy by creating a manufacturing boom
What is a post-industrial economy? - CEW
An economy in which there is a decline in primary and secondary industries and a rise in tertiary and quaternary industries
Where is Hambleton? What are social impacts of rural population growth there? - CEW
Hambleton is in Central North Yorkshire, North of York
More people commute to work by car, reducing bus service demand. Higher house prices in villages because of high demand meaning young people move away. Village shops close as people shop in areas in which they commute
What are economic impacts of rural population growth in Hambleton? - CEW
Lack of affordable housing, high petrol prices due to high demand, loss of agricultural land as farmers sell their land for housing
Where is Copeland? What are social impacts of rural population decline? - CEW
In North West England, South of Cockermouth and Carlisle.
Low achievement in schools and fewer children of school age as a population ages, leading to school closures. Young people move in search of work as most of it is seasonal, primary. As the population ages, there are fewer young people able to care for older people
What are economic impacts of rural population decline in Copeland? - CEW
Services need subsidising in order to keep them in business. Wages are low and unemployment is high. Tax revenues are low as few people earn enough to pay tax.
What examples are there of road and rail developments in the UK? - CEW
Road - smart motorways increase motorway efficiency, 100 new road schemes by 2020. £2bn investment in a road widening scheme in SW England
Rail - HS2 will link major UK cities (Birmingham, London, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield) but at environmental costs. Electrification of Trans-pennine Express will reduce journeys by 20 mins
What examples are there of port and airport improvements in the UK? - CEW
Airports - 3rd Heathrow runway is planned whilst another new runway is planned at Gatwick to improve UK tourism
Ports - Liverpool 2 port will double Liverpool’s port capacity and create 1000s of jobs, whilst a new terminal at Felixstowe will improve port capacity
What 3 strategies aim to reduce the North-South divide? - CEW
Northern Powerhouse launched in 2015 to stimulate economic growth. Improve transport, ports, tourism, energy, industry.
Devolving power to Northern cities as is done in SCOT, WALES, NIR, in order to give more control in budgeting in their regions
Enterprise zones created since 2011, encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment by reducing taxes, improving infrastructure and allowing the building of industrial buildings
What has caused the North-South divide? - CEW
Northern based industries have declined as they move abroad. Alternative energies has reduced reliance on coal-mining. London and South-East developed due to rises in the service sector
What is the UK’s place in the wider world in terms of trade, culture and transport? - CEW
Trade - trades widely with the EU, USA and China, importing £59bn worth of goods from Germany.
Culture - TV exports contribute over £1bn per year of shows like Dr Who, Sherlock. Markets expanding in China
Transport - Heathrow is one of the world’s busiest airports with connecting flights worldwide. Channel tunnel links UK + EU
What is the UK’s place in the wider world in terms of electronic comms, the EU and the Commonwealth? - CEW
Comms- the UK is a vital link of comms between the US and EU, whilst a line between London and Tokyo links UK and Asia
EU - membership gives UK tariff free trade, freedom of movement and cultural opportunities. £130bn of trade with EU
Commonwealth - group of 53 states linked by previous British rule. Trade and cultural links between countries
How can traditional manufacturing industries be polluting? - CEW
Waste can be discharged into rivers as effluent, waste burned and buried as landfill, heavy pollution from combustion, potential for oil spills
How does Teesside’s industry benefit the UK? How does Teeside’s industry impact the environment? - CEW
Benefits the UK by creating 5.8% of the UK’s chemical industry. Industry generates £28m annually for the UK
Creates 5% of the UK’s CO2 emissions, damages air and water quality due to effluent released into North Sea by ICI and British Steel
How do carbon capture and renewable energy make Teesside’s industry more sustainable? - CEW
Carbon capture - removing carbon from industrial emissions and storing it in liquid form will reduce Teesside’s CO2 emissions by 90%
Renewable energy - new biomass plant uses wood to power 80,000 houses. EDF has built wind farm of 27 turbines
How do Research and Science and Business Parks contribute to the UK’s post industrial economy? - CEW
Research - employs 60,000 highly qualified people, contrives £3bn to UK economy. Held at universities with skilled graduates
Sci + Business Parks - House quaternary industries, associated with universities so there are skilled graduates, located near transport/infrastructure
How do IT and Finance contribute to the UK’s post-industrial economy? - CEW
IT - employs 1.3 million people and transforms the way we live and work through high internet speeds and smartphones
Finance - employs 2 million people in banking and insurance businesses. Accounts for 10% of the UK’s GDP. London acts as the UK’s finance hub
