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Human Geography > Changing Cities > Flashcards

Changing Cities Flashcards

1
Q

What is a brownfield site!?

A

An area of land that has been built upon previously and can be regenerated for new constructions

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2
Q

What is the central business district!?

A

The centre area of a city. The economic hub dominated by retailers and offices

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3
Q

What is a congestion charge!?

A

Monetary charge for drivers entering a specific section of an urban area.

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4
Q

When was the congestion charge introduced!?

A

In 2003

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5
Q

What is the core region!?

A

The economic centre of activity

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6
Q

Name an example of a core region….

A

Maharashtra

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7
Q

What is counter urbanisation!?

A

The movement of people from urban to rural areas usually located beyond the green belt

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8
Q

What is debt!?

A

Money owed by one country to another country, sometimes to international agencies

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9
Q

Give an example of an international agency….

A

World bank/IMF

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10
Q

What is de-centralisation!?

A

The movement of people, factories offices and shops away from city centres to suburban locations

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11
Q

What is deindustrialisation!?

A

The decline in manufacturing and industrial activity (secondary industry)

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12
Q

What is an economic migrant!?

A

A person who moves from one area to another in order to find work or a better standard of living

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13
Q

What is the green belt!.

A

A ring of countryside to prevent urban sprawl, a policy controlling urban growth

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14
Q

What is a green field site!?

A

An area of land that has not been built on previously

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15
Q

What is industrialisation!?

A

The move from an economy dominated by primary industry to secondary industry (manufacturing)

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16
Q

What is the periphery!?

A

Parts of a country outside the economic core

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17
Q

Give an example of a periphery area…..

A

Bihar

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18
Q

What is population density!?

A

The number of people per square mile/km

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19
Q

What is the definition of the quality of life!?

A

The degree of well being felt by an individual or group. May relate to jobs,wages,access to services

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20
Q

What is re-urbanisation!?

A

The movement of people back towards city centres away from rural areas and from the suburbs

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21
Q

What are self help schemes!?

A

Where individuals are given materials in order to improve their own homes

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22
Q

Where have self help schemes been used!?

A

In Dharavi

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23
Q

What is a squatter settlement!?

A

Also known as a shanty town. An informal settlement, area of poor housing, often self built by residents out of basic materials

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24
Q

What is a site!”

A

An actual location of a settlement on earth and physical characteristics of the landscape specific to an area

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25
Q

What is a situation!?

A

The location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places

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26
Q

What is urban/suburban sprawl!?

A

The growth of an urban area normally into greenfield land located adjacent to the city

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27
Q

What is suburbanisation!?

A

The movement of people from inner city areas to the edges of the city due to more green space and lower density housing

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28
Q

What is urbanisation!?

A

The increase percentage of people living in towns and cities causing them to grow

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29
Q

What proportion of the world lived in cities in 2020!?

A

55%

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30
Q

By how much did the uk population grow between 1830-1890!?

A

10%

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31
Q

How many universities were in Mumbai in 2020!?

A

17

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32
Q

In 1901, how many cities in the world has a population over 10,000!?

A

33

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33
Q

How many people are there per square mile in Dharavi!?

A

1 million

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34
Q

How many cases of diarrhoea,diphtheria and typhoid are reported daily in a Dharavi slum!?

A

4000

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35
Q

In 2019,what % did London contribute to the UK economy!?

A

21.9%

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36
Q

How many mega cities were there in 2017!?

A

40

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37
Q

What was the population density of London in 2020!?

A

5000 per sq km

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38
Q

What was the student population of Birmingham in 2011!?

A

78,000

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39
Q

What % of the current Birmingham population were born outside of the UK!?

A

22%

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40
Q

What was the population of Birmingham in 2014!?

A

1.1million

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41
Q

What amount of Birmingham is currently covered in park land!?

A

3500ha in 571 parks

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42
Q

How many more houses were needed in 2015 to meet demand!?

A

5000

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43
Q

What % of Birmingham’s current population is under the age of 45!?

A

66%

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44
Q

In what year was the Merry Hill shopping centre built!?

A

1985

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45
Q

Between 1990-1995 by what % did CBD trade fall by in Birmingham!?

A

12%

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46
Q

What year did the bull ring reopen after redevelopment!?

A

2003

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47
Q

How many jobs were lost in Longbridge as a result of the closure of the MG rover factory!?

A

5900 and 65000 in supply chain

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48
Q

In 2016 what % of the Birmingham’s population lived in areas categorised by the UK government as the most deprived areas in the uk!?

A

40%

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49
Q

In 2016 what % of the Birmingham’s population lived in areas catorgorised by the UK government as in the top 5% of of least deprived areas in the UK!?

A

Sutton four oaks

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50
Q

How much did carbon emissions in Birmingham reduce by between 2002/2010!?

A

12%

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51
Q

What was the recycling rate in Birmingham in 2013!?

A

30.1%

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52
Q

As of 2016, how much money had been promised to be invested in Birmingham for energy efficiency!?

A

£59 million

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53
Q

What was the population of Mumbai, in 2016 including the Metropolitan area!?

A

21 million

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54
Q

What % of India’s factory work occurred in Mumbai in 2016!?

A

10%

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55
Q

What % of India’s foreign trade occurred in Mumbai in 2016!?

A

40%

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56
Q

What was the annual worth of informal industries in Mumbai in 2020!?

A

$1 billion

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57
Q

How many rubbish bags were collected daily in Mumbai in 2014!?

A

1 million

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58
Q

How many people were there per toilet in the Dharavi slums in 2014!?

A

500

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59
Q

SPARC is an example of a bottom up scheme in Mumbai. What does SPARC stand for!?

A

Society for the promotion of area resource centres

60
Q

How much money did the Mumbai 7 year improvement plan cost!?

A

$2 billion

61
Q

What % of Bihar relied on agriculture in 2011!?

A

80%

62
Q

What % of Bihar had access to electricity in 2011!?

A

58%

63
Q

What was the average income in Mumbai in 2020!?

A

30,000 rupees a month

64
Q

In 2020, what proportion of India’s billionaires lived in Mumbai!?

A

28/100

65
Q

In 2020, how many people in Mumbai were living in slums like Dharavi!?

A

1 million

66
Q

What are the physical factors that contribute to to the vary or urbanisation!?

A

Flat and developed land.

67
Q

Why is flat land cause a variation of urbanisation!?

A

Flat land= more accessible land= infrastructure developed= increased connectivity = business locate

68
Q

What are the historical factors that contribute to to the vary or urbanisation!?

A

Industrial Revolution= a rapid growth of factory towns= industrial cities grew rapidly

69
Q

What was London population in 1801!?

A

In 1801 London was the only city with a population of 100,000 by 1901 there were 33 worldwide

70
Q

What are the recent economic factors that contribute to to the vary or urbanisation!?

A

Change in tertiary/ quarternary industries require a good transport an communication links

71
Q

What are the population factors that contribute to to the vary or urbanisation!?

A

London is the centre of uk government. Important in encouraging growth. Reinforced by relationships with the EU

72
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The increase in population of people living in built-up areas instead of rural areas

73
Q

In 2020 what percentage of the worlds population lived in urban areas?

A

55%

74
Q

What percentage did cities grow by when factory work became available in the UK?

A

UK cities grew by 10% a year in the years 1830 and 1890

75
Q

What are the pull factors for Rural to urban migration in India?

A

Mumbai equals better jobs. (Around 30,000 rupees)
Healthcare
Education – 17 universities in cities.


76
Q

What are the push factors for Rural to urban migration in India?

A

Bihar equals mechanisation and green revolution means loss of all jobs.
Climate means risky, economy

77
Q

What is natural increase?

A

High birth rate and falling death rate

78
Q

Why does natural increase occur?

A

Contraception is not widely available
Poor sex education
Required to work over compensation for high infant mortality

79
Q

Describe the distribution of urban population globally….

A

As of 2017, there are 40, megacities (over 10 million people in a city ) and an increased number in emerging/developing countries

80
Q

Describe the distribution of urban population in the uk….

A

Distribution is uneven
Generally lower population density in the north than the south.
London has the highest population density between 5000 people per kilometre squared

81
Q

List the generic effects of urbanisation

A

Squatter settlements develop
Add noise and water pollution increase.
Investment increases.
The gap between rich and poor increases

82
Q

List a fact about squarter settlements developing in India

A

In Dharavi the population of 1 million people per square mile

83
Q

Name, a fact about air , noise and water pollution increase in India

A

4000 cases of diarrhoea, diphtheria, and typhoid reported daily

84
Q

Then a fact about increased investment in the UK

A

London contributes 21.9% to the UK economy

85
Q

What does CBD stand for?

A

Central business district

86
Q

What is the central business district?

A

It’s the main hub of economic activity

87
Q

Give an example of a CBD

A

Birmingham, Grand Central and bull ring development

88
Q

Describe the inner city

A

Characterised by terraced housing traditionally for factory workers.
Some parts redeveloped into high-rise blocks of flats in 1970s.
Usually occupied by young professionals to improve the area.
(Attracted by close proximity to city and colour for the suburbs)

89
Q

Give an example of redeveloped, high-rise, blocks and flats in the UK

A

Sparkbrook, Birmingham or Mutley Plymouth

90
Q

Describe the suburbs?

A

Building density is much lower.
Characterised by detached and semidetached housing.
Thank you usually built in periods between the 1930s and 1960s
Usually occupied by families and elderly residents who can afford the larger houses

91
Q

Name example of a suburb in the UK

A

Edgbaston, Birmingham, or Hartley Plymouth

92
Q

Describe the urban rural fringe

A

Fewer larger, more recently built homes.
Often detached.
Cheap land.
Development on greenbelt land.
Out of town retail centres also sited here

93
Q

What is moving in?

A

Increase investment in the CBD equals more jobs.
Increase number of students equal second largest student population in the UK. (78,000 in 2011)

94
Q

What is moving out?

A

Elderly move out to retirement destinations, e.g. Bournemouth

95
Q

After responding to a shortage of workers of workers initially from Asian community and the east European community (post 2000) what % of Birminghams population were born outside the uk?

A

22%

96
Q

After responding to the shortage of workers that made the uks population of people living in Birmingham that weren’t born there increase to 22%. What were the names of the countries the workers came from?

A

Asian and Eastern European communities

97
Q

How many Syrian refugees did Birmingham pledge to take in?

A

Birmingham city council pledged to take 500 Syrian refugees

98
Q

Where is Birmingham’s site?

A

It’s located on Birmingham plateau,
In the midlands region
And is on a south facing sandstone ridge

99
Q

What is the situation of Birmingham?

A

Located centrally in England

100
Q

What is the connectivity of Birmingham?

A

Birmingham international airport
Birmingham new street station
M5,M6,M42 all providing national links to West Midlands

101
Q

What are the cultural aspects of Birmingham?

A

It’s a multicultural city

102
Q

What did the 2011 census show about the population of Birmingham?

A

13.5% were Pakistani and 6% were Indian

103
Q

What are the environmental factors of Birmingham?

A

571 parks that cover 3500Ha. It’s ranked 15 for sustainable cities in the uk

104
Q

What is the urbanisation of Birmingham influenced by?

A

Influenced by manufacturing (eg jewellery in Birmingham)
Small houses built for workers coming from the countryside

105
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A

Large movement of people to the periphery of cities creating larger urban combinations

106
Q

Where doe’s the suburbanisation of Birmingham occur?

A

Along main road routes= good connection to the city

107
Q

What other factors lead to suburbanisation of Birmingham?

A

It’s usually inhabited by young families because if the close proximity still to work in the city but more green areas

108
Q

In what year did Birminghams population begin to grow? And what did this mean?

A

In the 1920s and 1930s meaning cities had to expand

109
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

The movement of people from urban areas to surrounding rural areas

110
Q

Why do people move from cities?

A

They move altogether in favour of more rural living or to smaller towns such as Redditch in the uk

111
Q

What attracts people to move away from the city?

A

They are attracted by cheaper land and therefore bigger houses, more green space, better quality of life

112
Q

What is re urbanisation?

A

When people move back to the centre of urban areas

113
Q

When does reurbanisation usually occur?

A

It usually follows regeneration, can be of old industrial buildings eg city flats in mailbox

114
Q

What % of the current residences in Birmingham are from ethnic groups other than white British?

A

42%

115
Q

In 2015 how many new houses were needed to be built in Birmingham to meet demand?

A

5000 homes

116
Q

After this large population growth, what services struggled in Birmingham?

A

Pressure on doctors
And pressure on schools- as well as language barrier

117
Q

Between what age group is % higher than Uk average?

A

20-35 year olds

118
Q

What % of Birmingham’s current population is under 45?

A

66%

119
Q

What. Is deindustrialisation?

A

A decrease in the size of the manufacturing sector

120
Q

List the 4main causes of deindustrialisation?

A

Development of transport
Technological advances
Globalisation
De-centralisation

121
Q

How does the development of transport cause deindustrialisation?

A

The development of aerospace technology means greater competition from abroad causing outsourcing of manufacturing

122
Q

Give an example of a company that outsourced to another country…

A

MG rover in Longbridge outsourced production to Japan

123
Q

How does technological advances cause deindustrialisation?

A

It improved communication which means that industries/businesses become footloose and therefore can operate all over the world

124
Q

Why did some business go out of business due to technological advances?

A

New technologies are slow to be applied to Birmingham’s industries so firms went out of business

125
Q

What % of the uk population owned a personal laptop in 2011?

A

76%

126
Q

How does globalisation cause deindustrialisation?

A

Due to all others and Greater competition from abroad. Birmingham suffered badly from imported goods as well as manufacturing also being outsourced

127
Q

How does de-centralisation cause deindustrialisation?

A

Movement of people to outskirts shifted focus away from city centres. Inner city therefore went into decline. Factories closed/demolished

128
Q

What make the differences of the quality of life?

A

Provision and pressure on services such as education/health ect
Differences in investment
Concern over quality/short term jobs

129
Q

Why would the suburbs lead to a difference in the quality of life?

A

Lowe crime rate
High purchasing power
Wide range of services
Low air and water pollution
Green space

130
Q

What factors of the inner city would cause a difference in the quality of life?

A

Concerns over crime
Rubbish collection
Less green space

131
Q

What is the decentralisation of retailing?

A

Movement of retail centres to the outskirts of city.

132
Q

Are an example of the decentralisation of retailing?

A

In the 1970s Merry Hill was built in 1985

133
Q

Why dies the decentralisation of retailing occur?

A

Increased car ownership-ability to park for free
Larger retail establishments-cheaper land
Suburbanisation-market has moved out of cities
Better shopping experience-undercover,climate control
More recently-internet shopping

134
Q

What impact has decentralisation in retail caused to the city centre?

A

The decline of the city centre. Between 1990 and 1995 trade in the CBD declined by 12%

135
Q

Name some examples of some redevelopment in the CBD…..

A

Bull ring reopened in 2003
Mailbox in 1998
More recently Grand Central Station

136
Q

What are the social and economic impacts of deindustrialisation?

A

Unemployment
Lower family income
Depopulation
Antisocial Behaviour

137
Q

Give a fact about unemployment…

A

5900 jobs lost at Longbridge site
and
65,000 in the supply chain as a result of the MG rover closure

138
Q

What is a more unequal society a result of?

A

The movement from secondary industry to tertiary industry

139
Q

What % of Birmingham’s population Live in areas that are among the most deprived in England?

A

40%

140
Q

In the years 2004-2007 what was Birmingham ranked first in?

A

The most deprived area in the West Midlands

141
Q

What % is Sutton four oaks part of?

A

It’s part of the top 5% of least deprived areas

142
Q

What social factor is making urban living more sustainable?

A

Working with “healthy villages” to improve the health and wellbeing of residents by improving accesses to services

143
Q

In 2012 what opened in sparkbrook?

A

A new community centre with 3 GP practices a library and offices for local start ups

144
Q

What did the youth promise pledge do?

A

Introduced to provide employment for 14-25 year olds

145
Q

What did Birmingham education partnership do?

A

They recruited and retrained teachers in the area

146
Q

What environment impacts have been made to make urban living more sustainable?

A

Birmingham ranked 15 th sustainable city in the uk
Reduced carbon emissions by 12% in 2010
Gas powered buses and new bus lanes to improve transport sustainability
Recycling rate= 30.1% (although less than uk average)
£59 million promised to improve energy efficiency of Birmingham homes

Human Geography (4 decks)

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