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History Vietnam > Changes To US Involvement Under Nixon > Flashcards

Changes To US Involvement Under Nixon Flashcards

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1
Q

When did official peace talks take place?

A

5 days after he became president.

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2
Q

What were the official peace talks?

A

Nixon sent delegates to Paris to negotiate for peace with representatives from North and South Vietnam and the VC. It became clear talks would be long as delegates argued over seating arrangements.

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3
Q

When were US secret peace talks?

A

In August 1969.

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4
Q

What were secret peace talks?

A

Henry Kissinger of USA began secret talks with Le Duc Tho of North Vietnam. Nixon told neither US or South Vietnam public.

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5
Q

When did troops start to withdraw Vietnam?

A

14th July 1969.

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6
Q

What was the troops withdrawal?

A

Nixon lowered the maximum number of troops in Vietnam by 25,000.

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7
Q

When was secret bombing of Cambodia?

A

On 15 March 1969.

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8
Q

What was secret bombing of Cambodia?

A

Nixon ordered the secret bombing of the parts of Ho Chi Minh trail that ran through Cambodia. Lies from military reports made as Nixon knew it would make war more unpopular.

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9
Q

When was the Nixon Doctrine?

A

On 25th July 1969.

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10
Q

What was the Nixon Doctrine?

A

Nixon gave a speech outlining what the role of USA should be in Southeast Asian politics in the futre.

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11
Q

What did Nixon say in the Nixon Doctrine?

A

USA would honor any treaty commitments it made. USA would help any ally against nuclear threat. USA would provide aid and training against nuclear threat but not troops.

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12
Q

What was Vietnamisation?

A

Word used for application of the Nixon Doctrine to Vietnam.

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13
Q

What did Vietnamisation mean would happen?

A

US troops would withdraw with looking defeated and without South Vietnam being communist.

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14
Q

What were the Key features of Vietnamisation?

A

Us troops withdrawn. ARVN to provide its own officers. US to still provide training/equipment. US withdraw done ‘with honour’. South Vietnam remain separate to North and not communist.

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15
Q

What does withdrawn ‘with honour’ mean?

A

Not leaving South Vietnam at the mercy of North Vietnam and VC.

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16
Q

Was Vietnamisation successful?

A

Partially. It succeeded in fewer US troops in Vietnam and fewer deaths. But some disagreed as there were many different views.

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17
Q

US citizens reaction to Vietnamisation?

A

Most welcomed the fact US troops were being withdrawn.

18
Q

US generals reaction to Vietnamisation?

A

ARVN were not ready to fight alone.

19
Q

South Vietnamese view on Vietnamisation?

A

Felt USA were deserting them.

20
Q

North Vietnamese reaction to Vietnamisation?

A

They can now gain the upper hand in the war.

21
Q

How did Vietnamisation fail?

A

Saigon taken by North. Leading to Vietnam reuniting a becoming communist.

22
Q

Reasons for Vietnamisation failing?

A

Us troops withdrawn. ARVN training/equipment. Economic/political problems.

23
Q

Why did bombings take place in Cambodia?

A

Its ruler Prince Sihanouk was neutral so allowed both countries to operate in trail. Bombings occur in Ho Chi Minh trail to attack VC.

24
Q

Who was the new leader of Cambodia? What was his views on Vietnam?

A

General Lon Nol took over. He was pro-American.

25
Q

What did General Nol order the North Vietnamese to do?

A

Told them to leave so can’t go through Ho Chi Minh trail.

26
Q

What did North Vietnam do to Cambodia?

A

Joined forces with Cambodian communist guerrillas and supported Sihanouk by attacking Nol government.

27
Q

What did US generals urge Nixon to do about Cambodia? Did he agree?

A

Urged him to invade Cambodia to support Nol and save Cambodia from communism. He agreed.

28
Q

How many troops invaded?

A

About 50,000 ARVN. 30,000 US troops.

29
Q

What did Nixon do in Cambodia? Why?

A

He kept the bombing secret. Told US troops could only go 19 miles across border and had to be out by 30 June. He did this as it would create public outrage in USA.

30
Q

Results of Cambodian invasion? (For USA)

A

Damage done to Ho Chi Minh Trail. Weapons/supplies captured. About 11,000 communists killed and Nol’s government kept in power. Communist bases destroyed.

31
Q

Results of Cambodian invasion? (For Communists)

A

Communist pulled back to safety in Cambodia as US troops not allowed in too far. Damage to trail didn’t stop VC getting in South Vietnam.

32
Q

Why was they’re an invasion in Laos?

A

As North Vietnam used the Laotian Ho Chi Minh trail more, the south Vietnamese government pushed for invasion.

33
Q

Why did North Vietnam use the Laotian Ho Chi Minh trail?

A

Laos were struggling for power. North Vietnam and USSR supported communists, while USA ‘advised’ their opponents.

34
Q

What did USA agree to do to Laos?

A

After much argument, USA agreed to provide air support for an ARVN invasion of about 21,000 troops.

35
Q

What city in Laos was invaded by ARVN?

A

Tchepone.

36
Q

What was North Vietnam’s reaction to the invasion of Laos?

A

They heard of the plan of US invasion. They could not lose bases. They decided to fight back. First time since Tet Offensive.

38
Q

What was operation Linebacker? When?

A

Heavy bombing of North Vietnam. Unlike rolling thunder it had no restrictions. On 6th April 1972.

39
Q

What was Bombing of North Vietnam in response to?

A

Easter Offensive.

40
Q

Who was bombed in operation linebacker?

A

Both Hanoi and Haiphong.

41
Q

What did Nixon also order to happen as well as operation Linebacker?

A

Mines to be dropped in Haiphong harbour and blockades to stop China and USSR ships reaching North Vietnam.

42
Q

What was the effects of Operation Linebacker?

A

North Vietnamese war industry almost wiped out. Severely disrupted supplies from China/USSR. Destroyed communication networks. Led to USSR/China urging North Vietnam to make peace with South.

43
Q

What happened after the North Vietnam invaded Laos?

A

ARVN fled leaving weapons/equipment behind. High casualties despite US air support. Serious doubts about Vietnamisation. Trail bases secure by North Vietnam and still political struggle in Laos.

History Vietnam (6 decks)

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