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Edexcel A-level History (British Experience of Warfare) > Changes in the role of the people > Flashcards

Changes in the role of the people Flashcards

1
Q

why was reform needed in the 1790s?

A

Poor performance in the war of independence

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2
Q

1780s ship building

A

Ships still commissioned during peacetime

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3
Q

Middleton’s initiative

A

Coppering

expensive but effective

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4
Q

Royal ordnance

A

improved quality of guns

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5
Q

Blomefield policy on Naval Guns

A

every gun had to be fired 30 times before installed

firing mechanism had to be flintlock

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6
Q

Carronade

A 
Shotgun 
fired grapeshot
short-range
quick to reload
broader angle of fire
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7
Q

Intention of carronade

A

used on merchant ships

fired from deck so didn’t take up carrying capacity

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8
Q

First use of carronade on frigate

A

1782 HMS rainbow

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9
Q

Carronade action 1795

A

HMS Glatton armed entirely with carronades

devastated French ships in Indian Ocean

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10
Q

Carronade Battle of Trafalgar

A

2 Carronades on HMS Victory cleared top gun deck of French battleship

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11
Q

Why did use of carronades decline?

A

Long distance guns became more accurate

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12
Q

When were carronades phased out?

A

1851

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13
Q

first successful use of rockets

A

attack on Boulogne
October 1806
24 cutters fired 2,000 rockets at the city.

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14
Q

Effects of the congreve rocket

A

Physical effects limited

psychological effects more drastic

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15
Q

What were rockets used for?

A

ship to shore bombardment

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16
Q

Views on rockets in army

A

opposed

inaccurate and frivolous

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17
Q

Why were rockets discontinued?

A

Inaccuracy
stored poorly
advances in steel artillery

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18
Q

Armstrongs artillery developments

A

breech loading

cannon

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19
Q

why was breech loading better

A

quicker and simpler

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20
Q

what problems was Armstrong’s new cannon aim to overcome

A

slow loading barrel wear and poor accuracy

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21
Q

How did Armstrongs new cannon overcome these problems?

A

breech loading

projectiles coated in soft metal

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22
Q

Why weren’t Armstong’s guns used?

A

more maintenance needed

higher level of training

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23
Q

maxim gun

A

1884
600 rounds a minute
crew needed to move it set up and service

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24
Q

Vickers gun

A 
1897
improved on the design of the maxim gun
lighter 
more reliable 
replaced by Lewis gun
25
Q

impact of machine guns

A

fewer men needed to hold an area

warfare no longer mobile

26
Q

What and when was the first working tank prototype?

A

1915

Little Willie

27
Q

Problems with the first tanks

A

too loud to communicate
difficult to operate
slow
no steering

28
Q

when was the first tank used?

A

1916 the Somme

29
Q

Tanks at the Somme

A

Broke down before reaching the enemy

30
Q

What was the most successful use of tanks in WW1?

A

Battle of Cambrai

400 tanks supported the infantry in a creeping barrage

31
Q

Why was the Bank of England founded?

A

to manage government debt

32
Q

What was the Bank of England responsible for?

A

Issuing Government bonds

33
Q

Why did the Bank of England give Britain an advantage?

A

Other countries all dealt in cash

34
Q

What were consols?

A

Government bonds with:
no fixed period by which they had to be repaid
investor received interest payments every quarter

35
Q

Why were government bonds successful?

A

Government could quickly access large amounts of money

Could financially support allies

36
Q

Financing the French Wars

A

William Pitt
income tax
inheritance tax

37
Q

How much was additionally raised in taxes between 1793 and 1815?

A

£12 million

38
Q

Financing Crimean war

A

Short with limited scope
Britain at the height of economic power
half funded by borrowing

39
Q

Financing boer war

A

Tax increased
Mainly met by borrowing - consols
third met by taxation

40
Q

WW1 taxes

A

taxes increase
income tax exemption limit lowered
High duties imposed on luxury items

41
Q

WW1 public borrowing

A

30% of expenditure funded by borrowing

42
Q

What was the increase in national debt in WW1?

A

1914: £625 million
1918: £7,800 million

43
Q

How much did Britain loan to allies in WW1?

A

£1825

44
Q

How much did Britain owe the US after WW1?

A

£1,000 million

45
Q

How many people paid income tax by 1918?

A

1914: 1.5 million
1918: 7.7. million

46
Q

Social impact of the French Wars

A

Virtually the entire British population contributed

47
Q

Social impact of Crimean War

A 
public opinion (influenced by press) called for change - prime minister
Florence Nightingale showed women could help
48
Q

Social impact Boer War

A

Public outraged changed concentration camp policy

49
Q

Why did women and children follow army campaigns?

A

only other choice was the workhouse

50
Q

Why did people follow army campaigns?

A

patriotism, philanthropy or curiosity

51
Q

Who provided medical care and catering?

A

Camp followers

52
Q

Home front 1793 - 1815

A

militia units across Britain

maintained law and order whilst main military away

53
Q

DORA

A

Defense of the realm act
government able to rule by decree
control of censorship, alcohol sales and food regulations

54
Q

Munitions of War act

A

Created a controlled establishment
strikes banned
fines for absenteeism
workers could only leave job with leaving certificate

55
Q

When did Lloyd George become PM?

A

1916

56
Q

What did Lloyd George create to win the war?

A

12 new ministries

including: Blockade, shipping, food control, health, transport

57
Q

Role of women in WW1

A

took over waged work to free up men for war
Over 100,000 women served as typists, drivers, clerks and cooks
40,000 worked as orderlies

58
Q

What was the increase in women doing waged work?

A

only 22.5%

Edexcel A-level History (British Experience of Warfare) (6 decks)

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