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Urinary > Changes In Plasma Volume > Flashcards

Changes In Plasma Volume Flashcards

0
Q

How do kidneys (generally) regulate extracellular volume?

A

Regulating excretion of NaCl

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1
Q

What separates intracellular and extracellular fluid?

A

Cell membrane

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2
Q

Concentration of Na inside and outside a cell?

A

Extra - 145mM

Intra - 12mM

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3
Q

Concentration of Cl- inside and outside a cell?

A

Extra - 123mM

Intra - 4.2mM

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4
Q

Concentration of potassium inside and outside of the cell?

A

Extra - 4mM

Intra - 155mM

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5
Q

Concentration of calcium inside and outside the cell?

A

Extra - 1.5mM

Intra - 10^-7 M

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6
Q

Is sodium a passive or active process (mainly)?

A

Active

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7
Q

What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

67%

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8
Q

What is the glomerular tubular balance?

A

A proportion of Na+ that is always reabsorbed, no matter what the actual amount is that is filtered

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9
Q

What is glomerular tubular balance good for?

A

It blunts sodium excretion response if GFR changes too much

Autoregulation usually prevents it from changing too much

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10
Q

What percentage of glucose is absorbed in the first section of the PCT?

A

100%

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11
Q

What sodium channels are there in section 1 of the PCT?

A 
Sodium and glucose co-transporter
Na-H exchange
Co-transport with amino acids/carboxylic acids
Co-transport with phosphate
Aquaporin
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12
Q

What compensates for loss of ions in section 1 of the PCT?

A

Urea and Cl- concentration increases down S1

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13
Q

What does the increase in chloride concentration in section 1 allow for?

A

A concentration gradient for chloride reabsorption in S2 and 3

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14
Q

What transporters does the apical membrane of sections 2 and 3 of the PCT have?

A

NaH exchange
Para cellular Cl- reabsorption
Transcellular Cl- reabsorption
Aquaporin

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15
Q

What is reabsorbed in sections 1, 2 + 3 of the PCT?

A

Section 1 - sodium and glucose

Sections 2+3 - sodium and water

16
Q

In relation to the blood, is filtrate hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic at the start and the end of the PCT?

A

Isotonic the whole way

17
Q

What is the driving force of PCT reabsorption?

A

Osmotic gradient established by solute absorption

  • osmolality in interstitial space increases
  • hydrostatic force in interstitium increases
  • oncotic force in peritubular capillary due to loss of 20% of filtrate at glomerulus
18
Q

What happens to cardiac output and arterial blood pressure and GFR if ECF volume increases?

A

They increase

19
Q

What allows for water reabsorption in the descending limb?

A

The increase of intracellular concentration of sodium set up by the PCT

20
Q

What happens to the filtrate as it goes through the descending limb?

A

Water is transported out, concentrating sodium and chloride. Increase in osmolarity

21
Q

Which part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?

A

The ascending limb

22
Q

What happens in the descending limb?

A

The increase of intracellular concentration of sodium from action of the PCT allows water to be reabsorbed

23
Q

What happens to the osmolarity of the filtrate in the descending limb

A

Increases - becomes more hypertonic

24
Q

What happens in the thin ascending limb?

A 
Passive sodium reabsorption 
Paracellular route (between epithelial cells)
25
Q

What happens in the thick ascending limb?

A

NaCl transport from the lumen into cells by NaKCC2 transporter
K+ ions diffuse via ROMK into the lumen
Cl- into ECF as does Na+ via NaKATPase

26
Q

What does the NaKCC2 transporter move?

A

2 chloride
1 sodium
1 potassium
All in the same direction

27
Q

Which part of the nephron is the most sensitive to hypoxia?

A

Thick ascending limb

Uses more energy than any other part of the nephron

28
Q

What is transported in the early DCT?

A

Active reabsorption of Na+

Major site for calcium reabsorption

29
Q

What percentage of Na+ is absorbed in the early DCT?

A

5.8%

30
Q

What transporter for sodium is found in the early DCT?

A

NaCC

31
Q

What does the NaCC transport?

A

Na and Cl in the same direction

32
Q

What maintains the calcium gradient for calcium reabsorption in the early DCT?

A

NCX on the basolateral membrane

Exchanges a calcium into ECF for a sodium into the cell

33
Q

What happens to the fluid in the early DCT?

A

Goes from being hypo-osmotic (hypotonic) to even more hypo-osmotic

34
Q

What happens to the osmolarity of the filtrate in the thick ascending limb?

A

It goes from high to low

Loses ions

35
Q

What does the late DCT and the collecting duct do?

What cells are present?

A

Fine tunes the filtrate

Has principal cells (70%) and intercalated cells

36
Q

What do principal cells do?

A

Reabsorption of Na via ENa channel on apical membrane
Produces a negative luminal charge - driving force for Cl-ion reuptake via Paracellular rout
K+ secretion
Variable water uptake through aquaporin - depends on ADH

Urinary (19 decks)

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