Anatomy Flashcards
What does the kidney metabolise?
Vitamin D
Catabolism of insulin, PTH, calcitonin
Function of the kidneys?
Control volume Control osmolarity Help to control pH Excretion of waste products Synthesise some hormones Metabolism of some things
How much water in a person?
40L
Where is water stored and what quantities?
ICF - 25L
ECF - 15L
What happens if something has a high osmotic potential?
Water moves towards it
Water moves from low to high osmolarity
What is osmolality and osmolarity?
Osmolality - solute per kilo of solvent
Osmolarity - no. of osmoles of solute per litre
How many nephrons in each kidney?
1.5 million
What levels are the kidneys at? Which is higher?
T11/T12
Left is higher than the right
Where does the bladder sit in an adult and child
Adult - behind the pubic bone
Child - above the pubic bone
Course of a ureter?
Arise from renal pelvis on medial aspect of each kidney
Descend on front of psoas major passing laterally to medially
Cross pelvic brim near bifurcation of iliac arteries
Pass under uterine artery/ductus deferens
Down the pelvic sidewall
Insert on posterior surface of the bladder
List some bony landmarks for course of the ureters
Arise at L2
Descend in front of tips of lumbar transverse processes
Cross into pelvic brim roughly in front of sacroiliac joint
Enter bladder at level of ischial spines
Three sections of the ureters where kidneys are likely to cause an obstruction?
Junction of renal pelvis and ureter
Pelvic brim
Where ureters pass into wall of bladder
What surrounds the kidneys?
Perinephric fat
Renal fascia which surrounds the adrenal glands also
Paranephric fat
What part of the nephron is contained in the renal cortex?
Bowman’s capsule and renal tubules except for part of the loop of Henle
What is contained in the renal medulla?
The loop of Henle and collecting duct
What happens at the renal papilla?
Where the urine empties from the renal pyramid into the minor calyxes
What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
20%
At which vertebral level do the renal arteries arise from the abdominal aorta?
L1/L2
List the blood supply to the kidneys
Abdominal aorta - renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar - arcuate - interlobular - afferent - glomerulus - efferent - peritubular capillaries (cortical nephron)/vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephron) - interlobular vein - arcuate vein - interlobar vein - renal vein
Where does the right renal artery pass in relation to the IVC?
Passes behind the IVC
Where do the renal arteries lie in relation to the renal veins?
The arteries are posterior to the veins
What are the four parts of the male urethra called?
Preprostatic
Prostatic
Membranous/pelvic
Spongy/phallic
At which vertebral levels would you find the poles of the left and right kidneys?
Left kidney - T11
Right kidney - T12
How long is the male urethra?
20cm
How long is the female urethra
4cm
Describe the bladder
Hollow, smooth muscle organ placed anteriorly in the pelvic cavity
Derived from the hindgut
Function of the bladder?
Collection
Temporary storage
Expulsion
Of urine
What are the folds in the internal lining of the bladder called?
Rugae
How much urine can the bladder hold?
Up to 600ml
What connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus?
Median umbilical ligament
Remnant of the urachus
Where is the trigone?
The triangular area located within the fundus of the bladder.
Marks orifices by ureters and urethra
Which sphincter are women missing in the bladder?
Internal
Only have an external
Where is the detrusor muscle?
In the bladder wall
Why are the fibres of the detrusor muscle arranged in different directions?
Retains structural integrity when the bladder is stretched
What does the detrusor muscle do?
Contracts during micturition
Under what part of the autonomic nervous system is the bladder under the control of?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
What muscle is the internal urethral sphincter composed of?
Which branch of the nervous system controls it?
Circular smooth muscle fibres
Autonomic control
What muscle is the external urethral sphincter composed of?
Which branch of the nervous system controls it?
Skeletal
Voluntary/somatic
Function of the internal urethral sphincter?
Prevents seminal regurgitation during ejaculation
Arterial supply of the bladder?
Superior vesicle branch of the internal iliac (primarily)
Obturator and inferior gluteal arteries also contribute branches
Males: supplemented by inferior vesicle artery
Females: supplemented by vaginal arteries
Venous drainage of the bladder?
Vesicle venous plexus draining into the internal iliac vein aka hypogastric vein
