Anatomy

Question 0

What does the kidney metabolise?

Answer 0

Vitamin D

Catabolism of insulin, PTH, calcitonin

Question 1

Function of the kidneys?

Answer 1

Control volume
Control osmolarity
Help to control pH
Excretion of waste products
Synthesise some hormones 
Metabolism of some things

Question 2

How much water in a person?

Answer 2

40L

Question 3

Where is water stored and what quantities?

Answer 3

ICF - 25L

ECF - 15L

Question 4

What happens if something has a high osmotic potential?

Answer 4

Water moves towards it

Water moves from low to high osmolarity

Question 5

What is osmolality and osmolarity?

Answer 5

Osmolality - solute per kilo of solvent

Osmolarity - no. of osmoles of solute per litre

Question 6

How many nephrons in each kidney?

Answer 6

1.5 million

Question 7

What levels are the kidneys at? Which is higher?

Answer 7

T11/T12

Left is higher than the right

Question 8

Where does the bladder sit in an adult and child

Answer 8

Adult - behind the pubic bone

Child - above the pubic bone

Question 9

Course of a ureter?

Answer 9

Arise from renal pelvis on medial aspect of each kidney
Descend on front of psoas major passing laterally to medially
Cross pelvic brim near bifurcation of iliac arteries
Pass under uterine artery/ductus deferens
Down the pelvic sidewall
Insert on posterior surface of the bladder

Question 10

List some bony landmarks for course of the ureters

Answer 10

Arise at L2
Descend in front of tips of lumbar transverse processes
Cross into pelvic brim roughly in front of sacroiliac joint
Enter bladder at level of ischial spines

Question 12

Three sections of the ureters where kidneys are likely to cause an obstruction?

Answer 12

Junction of renal pelvis and ureter
Pelvic brim
Where ureters pass into wall of bladder

Question 13

What surrounds the kidneys?

Answer 13

Perinephric fat
Renal fascia which surrounds the adrenal glands also
Paranephric fat

Question 14

What part of the nephron is contained in the renal cortex?

Answer 14

Bowman’s capsule and renal tubules except for part of the loop of Henle

Question 15

What is contained in the renal medulla?

Answer 15

The loop of Henle and collecting duct

Question 16

What happens at the renal papilla?

Answer 16

Where the urine empties from the renal pyramid into the minor calyxes

Question 17

What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

Answer 17

20%

Question 18

At which vertebral level do the renal arteries arise from the abdominal aorta?

Answer 18

L1/L2

Question 19

List the blood supply to the kidneys

Answer 19

Abdominal aorta - renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar - arcuate - interlobular - afferent - glomerulus - efferent - peritubular capillaries (cortical nephron)/vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephron) - interlobular vein - arcuate vein - interlobar vein - renal vein

Question 20

Where does the right renal artery pass in relation to the IVC?

Answer 20

Passes behind the IVC

Question 21

Where do the renal arteries lie in relation to the renal veins?

Answer 21

The arteries are posterior to the veins

Question 22

What are the four parts of the male urethra called?

Answer 22

Preprostatic
Prostatic
Membranous/pelvic
Spongy/phallic

Question 23

At which vertebral levels would you find the poles of the left and right kidneys?

Answer 23

Left kidney - T11

Right kidney - T12

Question 24

How long is the male urethra?

Answer 24

20cm

Question 25

How long is the female urethra

Answer 25

4cm

Question 26

Describe the bladder

Answer 26

Hollow, smooth muscle organ placed anteriorly in the pelvic cavity
Derived from the hindgut

Question 27

Function of the bladder?

Answer 27

Collection
Temporary storage
Expulsion
Of urine

Question 28

What are the folds in the internal lining of the bladder called?

Answer 28

Rugae

Question 29

How much urine can the bladder hold?

Answer 29

Up to 600ml

Question 30

What connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus?

Answer 30

Median umbilical ligament

Remnant of the urachus

Question 31

Where is the trigone?

Answer 31

The triangular area located within the fundus of the bladder.
Marks orifices by ureters and urethra

Question 32

Which sphincter are women missing in the bladder?

Answer 32

Internal

Only have an external

Question 33

Where is the detrusor muscle?

Answer 33

In the bladder wall

Question 34

Why are the fibres of the detrusor muscle arranged in different directions?

Answer 34

Retains structural integrity when the bladder is stretched

Question 35

What does the detrusor muscle do?

Answer 35

Contracts during micturition

Question 36

Under what part of the autonomic nervous system is the bladder under the control of?

Answer 36

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 37

What muscle is the internal urethral sphincter composed of?

Which branch of the nervous system controls it?

Answer 37

Circular smooth muscle fibres

Autonomic control

Question 38

What muscle is the external urethral sphincter composed of?

Which branch of the nervous system controls it?

Answer 38

Skeletal

Voluntary/somatic

Question 39

Function of the internal urethral sphincter?

Answer 39

Prevents seminal regurgitation during ejaculation

Question 40

Arterial supply of the bladder?

Answer 40

Superior vesicle branch of the internal iliac (primarily)
Obturator and inferior gluteal arteries also contribute branches

Males: supplemented by inferior vesicle artery
Females: supplemented by vaginal arteries

Question 41

Venous drainage of the bladder?

Answer 41

Vesicle venous plexus draining into the internal iliac vein aka hypogastric vein