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Rebellion and Disorder under the Tudors, 1485-1603 > Changes in governance at the centre - The key institutions of government > Flashcards

Changes in governance at the centre - The key institutions of government Flashcards

1
Q

What was the royal household?

A

Responsible for domestic needs - e.g kitchens, laundary, gardens. Controlled by high level officials - Board of the Green Cloth

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2
Q

How did the royal household change?

A

It grew and shrank. 1526 - TW tried to reform it due to expense through the Elthan Ordinances - wanted only 20 in the household, unsuccessful

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3
Q

What was the privy chamber?

A

Served by the household. Monarch’s living arrangements structured so access was controlled. Rooms laid out so monarch had privacy. Where the monarch and family lived

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4
Q

What was the Great Hall and the watching chamber in the Privy Chamber?

A

A room for feastings, beyond it as private rooms. The watching chamber was where all visitors could pass

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5
Q

What was the Presence Chamber in the Privy Chamber?

A

Where the monarch would dine and where news and gossip would flow.

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6
Q

What happened to the importance of the Privy Chamber over time and how did Henry VII use it?

A
  • Grew in political importance
  • 1495 Henry VII feared betrayal
  • Very restricted access - Yeoman of the Guard acted as bodyguards and guarded the entrance to his private rooms
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7
Q

What was the Privy Chamber used for under Henry VII?

A
  • Used it to collect and store royal income
  • Henry personally monitored it
  • Chamber of finance collapsed after Henry VII
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8
Q

What changes were made to the Privy Council during and after Henry VII?

A
  • Political hub in 1518 - staff employed as Gentlemen of the PC
  • Groom of the Stool - toilet worker, Henry’s most trusted friend, advised him
  • 1520-25 Henry sent Gentlemen to missions in France and on expidition against Scots
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9
Q

How did control of the dry stamp enable individuals to influence the direction of government?

A
  • Kept by Gentlemen of the PC
  • Henry VIII disliked paper work so introduced it to sign docs quickly
  • Control of the dry stamp = power
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10
Q

How did control of the dry stamp become factioned in 1540s?

A

Edmund Seymor (Earl of Hertford) and John Dudley (Viscount Lisle) gained control of DS using Sir Anthony Denny member of faction in PC

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11
Q

How did those under Henry VIII manipulate policy using the dry stamp?

A

Used it to make alterations to Henry’s will in 1547 - increased their power and influence

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12
Q

What impact did the dry stamp have in Edward’s reign?

A

Access to him and the dry stamp controlled by the king’s protectors Seymor and then Dudley, showed how they granted themselves power

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13
Q

How did female monarchs change the Privy Chamber?

A
  • Women replaced men due to close physcial contact

- Women in the PC had influence

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14
Q

Who did Mary’s PC consist of?

A

Frances Waldegrave and Frances Serningham - former servants who had Catholic sympathies, married to male members of her RH

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15
Q

What concerns did Charles V, Holy Roman Emporer have about female monarchs and a female PC?

A

Wrote to his ambassador to tell him about the ladies taking advantage of the monarch to gain patronage and favours

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16
Q

How did Mary approach the dry stamp?

A

Kept more control, dry stamp locked up

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17
Q

When did the dry stamp decline in political importance?

A

Under Elizabeth

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18
Q

How did the PC change under Elizabeth?

A

Appointed the wives of her key councillors to her PC, reforms of 1559 meant her PC were on her RC

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19
Q

Which perminant changes to the PC occured after 1540?

A
  • PC became chief minister
  • Took over work of TC and TW e.g Duke of Norfolk insisted that anyone wanting to do business with chief minister should address them as a group
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20
Q

How did the fall of Cromwell and Wolsey link to the changes to the PC after 1540?

A
  • Henry needed to restructure gov so that he could work without TW who had manipulated his position
  • Didn’t want anyone to have too much power
  • Chief minister no longer used
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21
Q

How did membership of the council change from 1540?

A

Membership reduced and was fixed to include just the most trusted advisors of the monarch. Contrasted council of Henry VII which has 227 members

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22
Q

What affected fluctuations in the size and membership of the council?

A

Age, health and competancy of the monarch.

23
Q

How did the council fluctuate in size?

A

Prior to 1536 - Henry had 120 members but after 1540 it had 19 and in 1603 it had 13

24
Q

How did the number of councillors grow under Edward VI?

A

Grew from 19-31 as he was a child. Under control of the Duke of Somerset. Role undermined by Somerset who prefered to make decisions himself

25
Q

How did the council bring down Somerset?

A

1549 Council brought down rebellion in the West Country and East Anglia, Earl of Warwick helped where Somerset failed

26
Q

How did Mary’s council differ to other councils?

A

Appointed a large number of men to her council to be inclusive due to her being a woman. Had 50 councillers - small number active regularly - av attendance was 12

27
Q

How important were the members of the council and how did their powers change after 1540?

A

Work of the council increasingly varied. Could now issue collective proclamations and orders in the monarch’s name. Didn’t need to wait for instructions

28
Q

What changes were made to how the council was run in 1540?

A

Had its own clerk that recorded meetings. Had its own seal after Mary but didn’t override DS. Seen as a body that served the state rather than monarch.

29
Q

How was the council different under Elizabeth?

A

Could meet wherever she was staying, would travel with her when she went on progress. As tudor gov expanded, volume of admin work increased

30
Q

What impact did an increasing volume of work have for the council?

A

Had to meet more often - 1520-60 met 3-4 times a week.

1590s met nearly every day

31
Q

When did the secretary become politically important and what role did it have?

A

1534 under TC. Personal secretary to the monarch, control over privy seal and could authorise docs. Growth in importance wasn’t sustained after his fall

32
Q

What happened to TC after 1540 and how did this impact the secretary?

A
  • Fell, his position then split between Thomas Wriothesely and Ralph Sadler - never as powerful as TC
  • Increased work for secretary
  • Important again under Liz
33
Q

What role did the secretary take under Elizabeth?

A
  • Position split so not too much power
  • William Cecil appointed 1558-1572
  • Francis Walsingham replaced WC 1573-1590
  • Robert Cecil replaced FW
34
Q

Why did the role of secretary become perminantly important under Elizabeth?

A
  • Men chose to use it to enhance their power
  • Needed to be tactful as close to Queen
  • Needed to conduct day to day running of gov
35
Q

Why could being secretary be dangerous?

A

William Davison (1586) had responsibility of death warrant for MQS - high signed it without permission

36
Q

How did Robert Cecil use the role of secretary under Elizabeth in 1596?

A

Used his position to build up a network of support - ensured that Earl of Essex was not rewarded

37
Q

What was the Lord Lieutenant?

A

Controlled local communities. Prior to 16thC local gov carried out by gentry and nobility. LL presided over legal cases as JPs and collected tax. Upheld law and order and raised army for monary.

38
Q

What was the Royal Council?

A

1559 reforms meant members of the RH = members of the RC. Decisions determined through RC rather than PC

39
Q

What function did the Royal Council serve?

A
  • Formal body that advised the monarch
  • Helped with day to day running
  • Could act as judicial court in high profile cases
  • Could be divided by faction
  • Monarch didn’t have to take their advice
40
Q

How did Henry VII organise his RC and why?

A
  • Large, more informal body than under Henry VIII
  • 1485-1509 200 men attended meetings
  • Included 42 men who had served under his Yorkist predecessors
  • Relied on it as no experience as monarch
41
Q

What were the role of the Great Cuncils? How many were used and for what purposes?

A
  • Special gatherings of all members of nobility and his councillors
  • Used when Hen needed to consult on war and tax
  • 5 councils between 1487-1502
  • Consulted to make them feel valued
42
Q

How was the Royal Council different under Henry VIII?

A
  • Came to throne at nearly 18 so needed councillors

- Included Archbishop of Canterbury - William Warham, Bishop of Winchester - Richard Fox (senior members of church)

43
Q

How did Henry VIII change his council according to his policy?

A
  • Fox and Warham’s influence undermind
  • Replaced by TW who wanted war
  • Dominant influence until 1529
  • First to do day to day running as Hen not interested
44
Q

What was Elton’s argument about Cromwell’s reorganisation of the council?

A

Elton argued that changes to the council actually occurred in 1536-1537 due to a conscious act of administrative reform designed to modernise the council by TC

45
Q

How does historian John Guy refuse Elton’s argument?

A

Believes changes were due to POG in 1536 as the council had many political enemies of TC e.g Duke of Norfolk - if he had reorganised it he would have removed his enemies

46
Q

How had local gov caused problems during the Wars of the Roses?

A

Gentry and nobility had lots of power, possible for them to abuse their power, raised armies against their own king, manipulated legal system

47
Q

Why did the system of Lord Lieutenants develop?

A

Due to the need to resolve problems of a corrupt local gov, used to help recruit royal armies and increase the control of the regions

48
Q

How did royal power extend into the localities in Henry VIII’s reign due to foreign threat?

A

Military recruitment improved. Needed defence against France and Scotland in 1512 and 1545.

49
Q

How did royal power extend into the localities in Henry VIII’s and Edward IV’s reign due to domestic threat?

A

Issued commissions in 1536 to deal with POG. 1549 Duke of Northumberland appointed members of nobility as LLs o deal with the trouble caused by rebellions.

50
Q

Why did the post of Lord Lieutenant become permanent under Liz?

A

Due to war with Spain. LLs appointed to each county with a deputy to help them. Appointments were for life. Organised war effort

51
Q

How did Mary try to formalise the system of Lord Lieutenants?

A

Wanted to divide the country into 10 lieutenancies with each being responsible for defense in their region and military recruitment but only temporary

52
Q

Why were LLs effective under Liz?

A

It meant the most powerful men were serving the crown and were directly answerable to the monarch, if they disobeyed they could be punished. Enhanced links with localities as they knew about local conditions

53
Q

When were LLs less effective?

A

Suffolk and Wiltshire refused to cooperate with them in 1590s

Rebellion and Disorder under the Tudors, 1485-1603 (25 decks)

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