Challenges In The Human Environment - Development Flashcards
Development
A positive change that makes things better, standard of living improves and quality of life
GNI (measuring development)
GNI is the total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned and paid to other countries. Expressed as per head of the population
HDI (measuring development)
Measuring development where GNI per capita, life expectancy, and adult literacy rate are combined
Social indicators
Birth rate
Death rate
Infant mortality
Life expectancy
Literacy rates
People per doctor
Economic indicators
GNI
HDI
Access to clean water
Political indicators
GNI
HDI
Access to clean drinking water
Limitations of indicators (social and economic)
Government may be corrupt
Data may be out of date
Data may be unreliable or hard to collect
Only focus on certain aspects of development
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Population pyramid
Shows number of males / females in age group
Also shows your population numbers
Mexico - 1980
Narrow bulge
Narrow top
Mexico - 2015
Bigger bulge
Wider top
Japan - 2015
Wide bulge
Narrow top
Japan - 2050
Narrow bulge
Wider top
Causes of uneven development - Physical
- Landlocked countries are cut off from seaborne trade, which is important for economic growth.
- Climate-related diseases and pests affect the ability of the population to stay healthy enough to work
Extreme weather, such as cyclones, droughts, and floods, can slow development, and it can be costly to repair damaged infrastructure
Lack of adequate supplies of clean water can affect farming and the health of workers
Causes of uneven development - Historical
Colonisation means countries are left with no resources or material to develop
