Challenges In The Human Environment - Development Flashcards
Development
A positive change that makes things better, standard of living improves and quality of life
GNI (measuring development)
GNI is the total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned and paid to other countries. Expressed as per head of the population
HDI (measuring development)
Measuring development where GNI per capita, life expectancy, and adult literacy rate are combined
Social indicators
Birth rate
Death rate
Infant mortality
Life expectancy
Literacy rates
People per doctor
Economic indicators
GNI
HDI
Access to clean water
Political indicators
GNI
HDI
Access to clean drinking water
Limitations of indicators (social and economic)
Government may be corrupt
Data may be out of date
Data may be unreliable or hard to collect
Only focus on certain aspects of development
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Population pyramid
Shows number of males / females in age group
Also shows your population numbers
Mexico - 1980
Narrow bulge
Narrow top
Mexico - 2015
Bigger bulge
Wider top
Japan - 2015
Wide bulge
Narrow top
Japan - 2050
Narrow bulge
Wider top
Causes of uneven development - Physical
- Landlocked countries are cut off from seaborne trade, which is important for economic growth.
- Climate-related diseases and pests affect the ability of the population to stay healthy enough to work
Extreme weather, such as cyclones, droughts, and floods, can slow development, and it can be costly to repair damaged infrastructure
Lack of adequate supplies of clean water can affect farming and the health of workers
Causes of uneven development - Historical
Colonisation means countries are left with no resources or material to develop
Causes of uneven development - Economic
Poor trade links mean HICs dominate from international trade
LICs process raw material
Push factors
War / Civil war
Shortage of essential resources
Lack of jobs
Disease / poor healthcare
Poor infrastructure
Corruption
Pull factors
Peaceful conditions
Democracy
Equality
Free healthcare
Higher paying jobs
Strong infrastructure
Immigrant
A person who moves into a country
Emigrant
A person who moves out a country
Refugee
A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
Economic migrant
A person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life
Displaced person
A person who is forced to move from their home but stays in their country of origin
Reducing the development gap
Investment - create new job opportunities, poverty cycle should improve
Industrial development - workers pay tax, tax invested into country
Tourism - tax increases, investment into economy
Aid
Types of aid - money, equipment, food and training
UK aid - voluntary
Oxfam - goats were given to poor families as a source of income
Intermediate technology
Technology that the local community is able to use with ease
Fair trade
Agriculture products that are sold to give farmers a fair price
Debt relief
Forgiving a debt in part or in total
Microfinance loans
The provision of financial help to small businesses and private enterprise
Tourism (Jamaica)
Economy - 24% of GDP, $2 billion per year
Employment - transportation, hotel, boosts local economy
Industry - North Port to improve trading
Quality of life - Montego Bay, Ocho Rios
Environment - landscaping projects = jobs
