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Christianity 9 > Challenge of secularism > Flashcards

Challenge of secularism Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘secularism’

A

The term used to describe the belief of the separation of religion and government and the principle that no one religion should be superior

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2
Q

Define ‘secularisation’

A

A 1950 theory from Enlightenment that religious belief would decline as democracy advanced

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3
Q

How many marriages were in the Church in the start 20th century compared to late?

A

Start - 80%

Late - less than 40%

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4
Q

In what three ways does Jose Cassanova believe people talk about secularisation?

A

1 - decline of religious practise
2 - privatisation of religion
3 - separation of religious influence from spheres of state, economy and science

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5
Q

(1) said religion is in the mind with no (2)

A

Karl Marx

Reality

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6
Q

Religious adherence has increased in (1) due to the decline of (2)

A

1 - Soviet countries

2 - communism

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7
Q

How is Sigmund Freud?

A
  • Austrian neurologist

- Treated psychopathy through dialogue

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8
Q

What does Freud believe about religion and childhood vulnerability?

A

R - an illusion and a product of wish fulfilment
- a cultural carrier for negative information
CV - made more tolerable by the invented belief that life has a purpose

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9
Q

What is wish fulfilment?

A

A term created by Freud to describe the satisfaction of desire through a dream or imagination

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10
Q

Give a quote from Sigmund Freud

A

“The religions of mankind must be classed among the mass delusions”

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11
Q

Why does Freud believe people make a deity or divine being?

A

To replace the sense of uncertainty with something controllable with a moral code and purpose to life

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12
Q

How does Freud believe religion can keep society safe?

A

Represses human desires destructive to society e.g. sexual violence, murder and theft in the Commandments

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13
Q

Why does Freud believe religious ideas are highly prized?

A

Provide information that humans crave about what’s undiscovered through a study of reality

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14
Q

“Anyone who knows nothing of religious ideas is very (1) and anyone who has (2) to his knowledge may consider himself much (3)” - Freud ‘The future of an illusion’

A

1 - ignorant
2 - added them
3 - richer

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15
Q

Why did Freud also believe religion is unhealthy?

A

A cultural carrier for negative information and causing conflict as people without religious belief are seen as inferior and the psychological impact of relying on something unreliable

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16
Q

What does Dawkins believe about religion?

A

Life should be meaningful without reference to religion and the human need for God is infantile and an adult should find meaning in another way

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17
Q

Why does Dawkins believe religion is oppressive?

A

E.g. repressing women by dress codes such as the burka in Islam for female submission, religion narrows our understanding whereas science widens it

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18
Q

Why does Dawkins believe religion is especially dangerous for children?

A

It indoctrinates children as well as harm e.g. children of Jewish parents being kidnapped by Priests and raised as Jewish in the 19th century

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19
Q

Why does Dawkins believe that bring up a child in the Catholic faith to be long term psychological harm?

A

He spoke with girls who were victims of sexual abuse but they said that fear of going to hell was greater than harm from sexual abuse. As well as this he cites the example of Hell House by a pastor in Colorado where children were scared by what happened to them when they die due to actors performing consequences for certain sins

20
Q

What does scientist Jo Merchant believe?

A

Compelling evidence for positive medical and psychological benefit from practises and beliefs found in religion and social gatherings

21
Q

Why does Merchant believe religion brings psychological benefit?

A

Belief in a loving God, time for stillness, feeling apart of something bigger

22
Q

“Feeling apart of (1) may help us not only to deal with (2) but to defuse our deepest source of angst: knowledge of (3)” - Jo Merchant

A

1 - something bigger
2 - life’s daily hassles
3 - our own mortality

23
Q

Describe French secularism

A

French revolution abolished monarchy and removal of religion from established positions of authority, absence of religion in state, absence of religious involvement in government affairs and prohibition of religious influence in public matters

24
Q

What changes to the law have been a result of French secularism?

A
  • Removal of state funded Christian schools but there is tax relief to private Catholic schools
  • Ban wearing of religious symbols in public
25
Q

What is ‘Pillarisation’?

A

A Netherlands policy referring to politico-denominational segregation of society

26
Q

Describe secularism in the Netherlands

A

Dutch society was divided by Christian denominations so social and educational services were provided by denomination, each pillar has its own newspaper, political parties, trade unions and universities

27
Q

Describe education in England and the opposing views

A
  • 1.8 million children are educated in Catholic and CoE schools
  • Churches are by far the biggest sponsors of schools
  • Organisations such as the British Humanist Association campaign against schools with a religious character
28
Q

Why does the BHA campaign against schools with a religious character?

A

This causes children to be segregated and creates a sense that religious children live in parallel lives increasing intolerance and so schools should not worship, pray or recruit based on religious background

29
Q

Why does Dawkins support the BHA?

A

Religious fundamentalism subverts science, replacing an evidence based approach with superstition and that unquestioning faith is a virtue

30
Q

“Fundamentalist religion is (1) on ruining the (2) of countless thousands of (3) eager young minds” - Dawkins

A

1 - hell-bent
2 - scientific education
3 - innocent

31
Q

Why is English education and Christianity deep rooted?

A

Churches provided education before the national government which has led to ‘heritage argument’ in defence of religious schools

32
Q

Why do some argue removing Churches from the school system is an act of robbery?

A

Churches built schools for the poor in England and continue to own a lot of school property so a plural and diverse society should have plural and diverse education and allow parents to send their children to schools with a religious ethos

33
Q

What does Professor Leslie Francis argue?

A

Young people committed to Christianity are more open to people from other religious backgrounds
Greater concentration in religious schools

34
Q

Describe Francis Collins as an interesting contrast to Dawkins

A
  • American physician-geneticist
  • Atheist in uni
  • Work with dying patients led him to re-examine his beliefs in arguments for and against God
  • Converted to Christianity
35
Q

Give some criticisms to Dawkins

A
  • View of religion is narrowly fundamentalist and extreme, if religious schools were only fundamentalist then they would limit the ability of logic and reason
  • If religion is viewed as a cultural phenomenon associated with culture and identity then this weakens Dawkins argument
36
Q

How does Dawkins counter argue critiques against him?

A

Liberal religion simply advocates religion and literal belief which narrows thinking is at is core

37
Q

Describe the views of Charles Taylor

A
  • Societies are increasingly multi-cultural
  • Every person should be recognised by identity not way of life that leads to loss of distinctiveness
  • No culture should impose itself of another
  • Schools with religious character can nurture cultural diversity and by a symbol of plural, liberal secular society
38
Q

Why does Professor James Conroy argue that religious schools have an important role in liberal democratic state?

A

Perform a ‘liminal function’ to test the perspective of human flourishing that is offered by liberal democratic state in state run schools to counter the general view that the market should define the aims of education and people are cogs in the economy

39
Q

“The student is not a (1) for a nation or one who is to be (2) within a consumer (3)” - (4)

A

1 - resource
2 - cultivated
3 - teleology
4 - Conroy

40
Q

Why do many believe that the Church of England should be removed from law based decision making?

A

Excludes those who are not Anglican and does not represent the diverse population, however others argue that other religions are not excluded from the House of Lords

41
Q

Describe Japan in WW2

A

The Japanese Emperor was viewed and taught as a god to the extent that a military cult was made to combine nationalism, religion and political leadership so when Japan was defeated by the Americans he was forced to pulicly declare he was not a god

42
Q

How did Prince Charles say he would keep secularism but keep religion at the heart of the state?

A

Instead of his title being ‘Defender of the faith’ he would be ‘Defender of faith’ to represent plurality and diversity

43
Q

How does former Archbishop Rowan Williams distinguishes two types of secularism?

A

Programmatic - assumes any public expression of faith is offensive
Procedural - permits as many public voices as possible without priviledge

44
Q

What is the secularisation theory?

A

The theory that religious belief would progressively decline as democracy advanced

45
Q

What does Berger believe?

A

The assumption that we live in a secular state is false, with some exceptions notably Western Europe is furiously religious as it ever was

46
Q

What does David Ford believe?

A

We need to stop thinking about World development as linear, the ‘unpredictability of drama’ is a better metaphor as we don’t know what will happen and there are different ways of being modern

Christianity 9 (11 decks)

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