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Classical Conversations Sturgis Challenge > Challenge B Introductory Logic Vocabulary > Flashcards

Challenge B Introductory Logic Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Logic

A

the science and art of reasoning well

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2
Q

Law of Identity

A

if a statement is true, then it is true

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3
Q

Law of Excluded Middle

A

any statement is either true or false

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4
Q

Law of Non-Contradiction

A

a statement can not be both true and false

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5
Q

Formal Logic

A

branch of logic which deals with the proper modes of reasoning

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6
Q

Informal Logic

A

branch of logic which deals with operations of thinking that are indirectly related to reasoning

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7
Q

Induction

A

reasoning with probability from examples or experience to general rules

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8
Q

Deduction

A

reasoning with certainty from premises to conclusions

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9
Q

Categorical Logic

A

connects one category (or term) with another (uses syllogisms)

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10
Q

Propositional Logic

A

connects entire propositions together in arguments

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11
Q

Term

A

a concept that can be expressed preciselyD

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12
Q

Definition

A

a statement that gives the meaning of a term

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13
Q

6 Purposes of Definitions

A
  1. show relationships
  2. remove ambiguity
  3. reduce vagueness
  4. increase vocabulary
  5. explain concepts theoretically
  6. influence attitudes
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14
Q

Ambiguous Word

A

a word having more than one possible meaning

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15
Q

Lexical Definition

A

definition which shows relationships or reduces ambiguity by providing a single, established meaning of a term (dictionary definition)

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16
Q

Vague Word

A

word whose extent is unclear

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17
Q

Precising Definition

A

definition which makes more precise what was vague or fuzzy applies only to the situation in which it is used)

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18
Q

Stipulative Definition

A

definition needed when a new word is invented or an existing word is applied in a new way

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19
Q

Theoretical Definition

A

definition given for a term , not when the word in unfamiliar, but when the term is not understood (often scientific or philosophical in nature)

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20
Q

Persuasive Definition

A

definition that aims at persuading the listener one way or another toward the term being defined

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21
Q

Genus

A

a term that is more general, broad, or abstract than the original term and includes it

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22
Q

Species

A

them that is more specific, narrow, or concrete than the original term and is included by it (a type, kind or example of them)

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23
Q

Mutually Exclusive

A

not overlapping

24
Q

Exhaustive

A

complete, no other types exist

25
Q

3 Basic Errors to Avoid in Genus-Species Charts

A
  1. overlapping species (by changing the dividing principle or by placing a term at the wrong level)
  2. changing definitions for an ambiguous term
  3. using parts of the term (should be kinds)
26
Q

Extension

A

the sum of all the individual objects described by a term (how broad is a term?)

27
Q

Intension

A

the sum of all the common attributes denoted by the term (how narrow/specific is the term?)

28
Q

3 Methods of Defining Terms

A
  1. synonym
  2. example
  3. genus-difference
29
Q

Defining by Synonym

A

Giving another word with the same meaning (problem if the meaning of the synonym is not known or no synonym exists)

30
Q

Defining by Example

A

demonstrating the term; giving several and various examples; listing species of the term (problem because of ambiguity of this method)

31
Q

Defining by Genus and Difference

A

naming the genus and then adding descriptive words which distinguish that term from all other species under that genus (IE., what group is it in? What makes it different from everything else in the group?)

32
Q

Statement

A

a sentence which is either true or false

33
Q

3 Types of Sentences that are not statements

A
  1. question
  2. command
  3. nonsense
34
Q

Self-Supporting Statements

A

a statement whose truth value can be determined from the statement itself

35
Q

3 Types of Self-Supporting Statements

A
  1. self-reports
  2. true or false by logical structure
  3. true or false by definition
36
Q

Self-Report

A

a statement by a person concerning his own desires, beliefs or feelings

37
Q

True or False by Logical Structure

A

a statement which can be seen to be true or false by how the sentence is put together

38
Q

Tautology

A

a statement which is always TRUE because of its logical structure (Jesus is God or Jesus is not God)

39
Q

Self-Contradiction

A

a statement which is always FALSE because of its logical structure (Jesus is God and Jesus is not God)

40
Q

True of False by Definition

A

a statement which is necessarily true or false because of the definitions of the words in the sentence

41
Q

Supported Statement

A

a statement whose truth value depends on evidence or information from outside itself

42
Q

3 Ways to Determine the Truth value of Supported Statements

A
  1. authority
  2. experience
  3. deduction
43
Q

Authority

A

a trustworthy, authoritative source (scripture, encyclopedia)

44
Q

Experience

A

trusting our own senses to determine truth value

45
Q

Deduction

A

reasoning to some conclusion based on other statements, whose truth value we know

46
Q

4 Relationships Between Statements

A
  1. consistency/ inconsistency
  2. implication
  3. logical equivalence
  4. independence
47
Q

Consistency (Consistent)

A

when 2 statements CAN both be true at the same time

48
Q

Inconsistency (Inconsistent)

A

when there is a conflict between 2 statements so they cannot both be true at the same time

49
Q

Implication

A

when the truth of 1 statement REQUIRES the truth of another

50
Q

Logical Equivalence

A

when 2 statements IMPLY EACHOTHER ( the statements must both be true or both be false)

51
Q

Independence

A

when the truth or falsity of 1 statements has NO EFFECT on the truth or falsity of the other statement

52
Q

3 Kinds of Disagreements

A
  1. real
  2. apparent
  3. verbal
53
Q

Real Disagreement

A

an actual inconsistency between 2 statements; they cannot both be true at t he same time (Jesus is God. Jesus is not God)

54
Q

Apparent Disagreement

A

a difference of opinion or perception (Ann: I think Logic is easy; Bob: I think Logic is hard.)

55
Q

Verbal Disagreement

A

a misunderstanding due to differing definitions for one or more words

Classical Conversations Sturgis Challenge (5 decks)

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